Welcome to SJ Pediatrics and Child Health Africa, an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal at the forefront of pediatric and child health research. We publish impactful scholarly work across all areas of pediatrics and child health, connecting African research to the global scientific community. Now indexed in Embase, a major biomedical database by Elsevier, the journal offers authors enhanced international visibility, credibility, and discoverability. This milestone positions SJ Pediatrics and Child Health Africa as a trusted platform for high-quality research with global reach. We welcome original research, reviews, and clinical reports that advance evidence-based pediatric care, policy, and practice worldwide. The journal has both Print (ISSN: 3006-6360) and online (ISSN:3006-6379). SJC Publishers Company Limited publishes it. Aim and Scope: SJ Pediatrics and Child Health Africa aim to provide a platform for disseminating high-quality research, reviews, and case studies pertinent to pediatric and child health issues across Africa and the world at large. The journal seeks to advance understanding and improve the health outcomes of children on the continent by publishing original research, evidence-based practices, and innovative approaches in areas such as preventive medicine, clinical care, public health interventions, and healthcare policy. SJ Pediatrics and Child Health Africa aims to bridge gaps in healthcare delivery, promote collaboration among healthcare professionals, and ultimately contribute to the well-being and development of African children. We publish different specialties, and we believe that each plays a unique role in improving Pediatric Health Outcomes. These are published in the following sections; Neonatology Pediatric Cardiology Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Pediatric Surgery Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Pediatric Infectious Diseases Pediatric Hospice and Palliative Medicine Pediatric Pulmonology Adolescent Medicine Pediatric Neurology Social Pediatric Submit your Manuscript to us and experience a professional Publication process.
Growth outcomes in preterm neonates receiving human milk fortifiers versus donor milk in a tertiary care hospital: A hospital-based prospective comparative study.
Background Preterm neonates have increased nutritional needs and are at risk of extrauterine growth restriction during neonatal intensive care. Human milk is preferred for enteral feeding; however, unfortified human milk and donor milk alone do not always provide adequate protein, energy, minerals, and micronutrients for optimal postnatal growth. Objectives: To compare growth outcomes, feeding tolerance, and selected clinical outcomes among preterm neonates receiving human milk with fortifier supplementation versus donor milk in a tertiary care hospital. Methods This hospital-based prospective comparative study included 100 preterm neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit and selected by consecutive sampling. Fifty neonates received human milk with fortifier supplementation, and 50 received donor milk as per routine unit feeding protocols. Baseline characteristics, anthropometric growth, feeding tolerance, neonatal morbidities, hospital stay, and discharge nutritional status were compared. Results Baseline characteristics were comparable between the human milk fortifier and donor milk groups, including gestational age (31.4 ± 1.8 versus 31.2 ± 1.9 weeks; p=0.59), birth weight (1328 ± 226 versus 1346 ± 238 g; p=0.70), male sex (56.0% versus 52.0%; p=0.69), and small-for-gestational-age status (18.0% versus 22.0%; p=0.62). Neonates receiving human milk fortifier showed earlier regain of birth weight (9.4 ± 2.7 versus 11.6 ± 3.3 days; p<0.001), higher daily weight gain (17.9 ± 3.8 versus 14.5 ± 3.6 g/kg/day; p<0.001), greater length gain (0.93 ± 0.22 versus 0.76 ± 0.20 cm/week; p<0.001), greater head circumference gain (0.78 ± 0.18 versus 0.64 ± 0.17 cm/week; p<0.001), and higher discharge weight (1835 ± 246 versus 1698 ± 235 g; p=0.005). Feed intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis, late-onset sepsis, hospital stay, and mortality were not significantly different. Conclusion Human milk fortifier supplementation was associated with better short-term growth without increasing major complications. Recommendations Structured fortification protocols should be adopted with regular anthropometric monitoring and individualized feeding review.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Shaik Mabbul, Dr. Maddula Ashok, Dr. Sri Harsha Thatikonda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies: etiology, diagnostic advances, and evolving management- a narrative review.
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) comprise a severe spectrum of early-onset epilepsy syndromes where epileptic activity aggressively drives progressive cognitive and neurological regression beyond the underlying pathology. This narrative review evaluates the expanding genetic architecture of DEE, explores modern diagnostic developments, and outlines the ongoing paradigm shift from conventional symptomatic management toward gene-targeted, precision therapeutic strategies. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across major databases for articles published between 2010 and 2026. Recent breakthroughs in next-generation sequencing have dramatically escalated diagnostic yields, allowing clinicians to identify pathogenic variants earlier and establish refined genotype-phenotype correlations. This molecular precision has opened doors for novel mechanism-based interventions, including antisense oligonucleotides, gene replacement platforms, and mutation-specific pharmacology. Concurrently, artificial intelligence-driven electroencephalography analytics and wearable multimodal monitoring networks are improving real-time seizure mapping and patient safety. However, widespread clinical implementation remains restricted by intense genetic heterogeneity, uncertain long-term safety records, and steep financial barriers. Ultimately, incorporating genomic diagnostics into standard practice is transforming the clinical trajectory of DEE. Future research must prioritize multi-center clinical trials to validate long-term therapeutic efficacy and optimize early-intervention windows during critical stages of neuroplasticity.
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies
Copyright (c) 2026 Sana Shaik, Shrina Patel, Sanjida Tahsin, Harshneet Kaur, Keerthi Easwar, Alka Kumari, Jasmit Kaur Puri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Utility of the yale observation scale in predicting bacteremia in febrile children aged 3–36 months: a hospital-based prospective observational study.
Background: Early identification of bacteremia in febrile children remains a major clinical challenge, particularly in resource-limited settings. The Yale Observation Scale (YOS) is a simple bedside clinical tool used to assess illness severity in children. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of YOS in predicting bacteremia among febrile children aged 3–36 months. Methods: This hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted over 12 months at the Department of Pediatrics, Barpeta Medical College , Assam, India. A total of 150 children presenting with fever ≥38°C without an identifiable source were enrolled using consecutive sampling. Clinical assessment using YOS was performed at admission, followed by laboratory investigations, including a complete blood count, absolute neutrophil count, and a blood culture. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the optimal YOS cutoff for predicting bacteremia. Results: Among the 150 children included, 56.7% were females and 43.3% were males. Blood culture positivity was observed in 21.3% of cases. Higher YOS scores were significantly associated with bacteremia, elevated white blood cell count, prolonged fever, longer hospital stay, and mortality (p<0.05). ROC analysis demonstrated that a YOS cutoff value of 14.5 had a sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 79.6% for predicting bacteremia. All children with YOS scores ≥25 had positive blood cultures and poor clinical outcomes. Conclusion: YOS is a sensitive and practical bedside screening tool for identifying febrile children at increased risk of bacteremia. However, because of its moderate specificity, it should be used together with laboratory investigations for definitive diagnosis. Recommendation: YOS may be incorporated into early pediatric triage protocols in resource-limited settings to facilitate prompt identification and management of high-risk children.
Section of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Critical Care
Copyright (c) 2026 Dilip Sai Babu D, Nazrul Islam Barbhuiya, Rehana Sultana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence of ocular features in children with malaria in the University of Benin teaching hospital, Benin City. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The study aims to assess the prevalence of ocular features in children with malaria in UBTH, Benin City. Materials and methods: In this hospital-based case control study at the UBTH, subjects and controls who satisfied the inclusion criteria of the study underwent ophthalmic examination for ocular features of malaria and were assessed for relevant laboratory indices necessary in the diagnosis of malaria using the revised 2014 WHO criteria. Results: The prevalence of ocular features of malaria was 27.5%. There was a significant statistical difference between ocular features of malaria in the cases when compared to the controls. (p=0.0001). In the anterior segment, pallor and icterus were common ocular features of malaria seen in children with malaria. There was a significant statistical difference in children who had pallor and icterus between the cases and control groups (p=0.000) and (p=0.001), respectively. One child in the control group who had oculocutaneous albinism had pendular nystagmus present. Posterior segment findings seen in children with malaria in this study included vessel abnormalities 34(19.1%), macular whitening 20(11.2%), retinal whitening 14(7.8%), retinal haemorrhage 14(7.8), disc pallor 11(6.1%), papilloedema 10(5.6%), and macular haemorrhage 6(3.4%). 102(57.3%) were males; while 76(42.7%) were females for cases, 98(55.1%) were males while 80(44.9%) were females for controls. Conclusion: Various patterns of ocular features are seen in children infected with malaria, with posterior segment abnormalities being more common than anterior segment changes. Recommendations: Better awareness should be created among medical personnel, other speciality consultants, and ophthalmologists on ocular features of malaria and its diagnostic usefulness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Johnpaul Oshorenua Okolo, Prof. A.E. Omoti, Dr. O.M. Uhumwangho, Dr. D.U Nwaneri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A cross-sectional study to assess the impact of the re-emergence of pertussis in children in a tertiary care hospital.
Background Despite decades of vaccine implementation, pertussis remains a significant global threat, particularly among infants and young children. This study was designed to evaluate the clinical spectrum, immunisation status, and diagnostic confirmation of pertussis in a pediatric cohort at a tertiary care hospital in India. Methods An observational cross-sectional study was conducted over a two-month period (Nov–Dec 2023) at a government tertiary hospital in Hyderabad. Children aged ≤12 years presenting with prolonged cough suggestive of pertussis were enrolled consecutively. Clinical assessment, immunisation history, and laboratory investigations, including culture, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and anti-pertussis toxin IgG serology, were performed to confirm the diagnosis. Descriptive statistics and categorical analyses were used to interpret demographic, clinical, and diagnostic data. Results A total of 32 children were clinically diagnosed with suspected pertussis, with 93.8% being under five years of age. The most common symptom was paroxysmal cough (81.25%). Immunisation gaps were evident, with 90.6% partially vaccinated and 9.4% unvaccinated. Laboratory confirmation was limited, with culture positivity at 9.4%, PCR positivity at 6.25%, and serology confirming 6.25% of cases. Additionally, 90.6% of cases exhibited elevated white blood cell (WBC) counts, and 53.1% had raised C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. These findings underscore both the vulnerability of incompletely vaccinated children and the diagnostic constraints in real-world settings. Conclusion The resurgence of pertussis in partially or unvaccinated children reflects critical lapses in immunisation coverage and underutilization of confirmatory diagnostics. Low sensitivity of standard tests and atypical clinical presentations complicate early recognition. This study highlights the urgent need to reinforce booster strategies, consider maternal immunisation, and enhance diagnostic infrastructure in tertiary care settings to support effective disease surveillance and timely management of paediatric pertussis in India. Recommendations Strengthen childhood and maternal pertussis immunisation, improve booster uptake, and expand PCR-based diagnostics for early detection.
Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Bunga Harshita, Dr. Bunga Babu Ratnakar, Dr. Prathyusha Yellamelli, Dr. Shilpa Nandru (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence and Determinants of Anemia among Children Attending a Paediatric Outpatient Department: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Background: Childhood anemia remains a frequent nutritional and public health problem, particularly in children from socioeconomically vulnerable backgrounds. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of anemia and assess selected demographic, socioeconomic, dietary, nutritional, and clinical determinants among children attending a paediatric outpatient department. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study included 100 children attending the paediatric outpatient department of Narayana Medical College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India, from August 2025 to January 2026. Demographic, socioeconomic, maternal, dietary, nutritional, worm infestation, and hemoglobin data were recorded. Associations between anemia status and determinants were analysed using Pearson's chi-square test. Results: The mean age was 6.8 ± 3.4 years; 54.0% were males. The overall prevalence of anemia was 58.0%; mild, moderate, and severe anemia were observed in 24.0%, 28.0%, and 6.0% of children, respectively. Significant bivariate associations were observed with age group (χ²=8.80, p=0.032), socioeconomic status (χ²=11.04, p=0.004), maternal education (χ²=10.23, p=0.006), dietary pattern (χ²=6.82, p=0.009), inadequate green leafy vegetable intake (χ²=9.55, p=0.002), inadequate iron-rich food intake (χ²=13.74, p<0.001), undernutrition (χ²=14.35, p<0.001), and worm infestation (χ²=8.81, p=0.003). Gender and residence were not significantly associated. Conclusion: Anemia was common, with moderate anemia forming the largest severity group. Socioeconomic vulnerability, poor dietary intake, undernutrition, and worm infestation were important associated determinants. Recommendations: Routine anemia screening, dietary counselling, caregiver nutrition education, growth monitoring, iron supplementation where indicated, and periodic deworming should be strengthened in paediatric outpatient services.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Rajasekhar Reddy Munamala, Dr. Chandra Sekhar Gurijala, Dr. Vijaya Lakshmi Muram Reddy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of socio-clinical and laboratory profile and short-term outcome among acute bronchiolitis children between 1–24 months in a tertiary care hospital: A prospective descriptive study.
Background: Bronchiolitis is a clinical syndrome that primarily affects infants and young children. Objectives: To study the socio-clinical, laboratory profile, and short-term outcome among children with acute bronchiolitis between 1-24 months in a tertiary care hospital, and to analyze the identifiable risk factors for the severity of bronchiolitis. Material & Methods: A Prospective descriptive study was carried out in IMS & SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bhubaneshwar, India, from May 2023 to May 2024. All previously normal or healthy children aged 1-24 months with a first episode of wheeze suggestive of bronchiolitis as per AAP guidelines were included in the study. Results: A total of 171 cases were analyzed in our study, including 101 (59.1%) male and 70 (40.9%) female. Mean age was 6.78 months with a standard deviation of 4.66. Children less than 6 months accounted for 99 (57.9%) of cases. Bronchiolitis cases were increased in winter and early spring. Shortness of breath was present in 171 (100%) cases, followed by cough 108 (63.1%), fever 104 (60.8%), and poor feeding 92 (53.8%). Low birth weight, feeding pattern, indoor allergens, socioeconomic status, and passive smoking increase the severity of disease (P<0.05). Leukocytosis in 137 (80.1%) and raised CRP in 65 (38%) cases, with 04 (2.4%) cases having positive blood culture and sensitivity. 118 (68.8%) cases had positive chest X-rays. Nasopharyngeal swab was RSV positive in 84 (40.1%) cases. Among the treatments, 171 (100%) patients received hypertonic saline nebulization. Antibiotics were used in 69 (40.3%) and steroids in 47 (27.4%) cases. 26 (15.3%) cases were shifted to PICU. Conclusion: Bronchiolitis predominantly affected infants below six months and showed a higher incidence during winter months. Recommendations: Early identification of high-risk infants with bronchiolitis is essential to reduce disease severity and complications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Amir Ali, Chandra Sekhar Patra, Sagar Parida, Dillip Dash, Shivangi Maheshwari, Ankita Chopdar, Dr. Mamata Devi Mohanty (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Cross-Sectional Study of Anemia among Children Aged 1–12 Years Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital.
Background: Anemia in childhood remains a major public health concern in India because it influences growth, immunity, school performance, and neurocognitive development. Hospital-based data are useful for understanding the clinical burden and the distribution of anemia severity and morphology among children presenting for care. Objectives: To determine the prevalence, severity, and morphological pattern of anemia among children aged 1–12 years attending a tertiary care hospital and to describe its distribution across age, sex, socioeconomic status, and dietary iron intake groups. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 200 children aged 1–12 years. Demographic, socioeconomic, and dietary information was collected using a structured proforma. Hemoglobin estimation and peripheral smear examination were carried out for all participants. Anemia was classified according to age-specific hemoglobin cutoffs and further graded as mild, moderate, or severe. Results: Among 200 children, 118 were anemic, giving an overall prevalence of 59.0%. Moderate anemia was the commonest grade, followed by mild and severe anemia. Anemia was more frequent in younger children, especially those aged 1–3 years, and was slightly higher among females than males. Children from lower socioeconomic strata and those with inadequate dietary iron intake showed a substantially higher burden. Microcytic hypochromic anemia was the predominant peripheral smear pattern, followed by normocytic normochromic anemia. Conclusion: Anemia constituted a substantial burden among children attending this tertiary care center, with the highest vulnerability seen in younger age groups and socioeconomically disadvantaged children. The predominance of microcytic hypochromic smears supports a strong contribution of nutritional iron deficiency to the observed burden. Recommendations: Routine screening of high-risk children, nutrition-focused counselling for caregivers, timely iron supplementation, and strengthened follow-up within pediatric services should be integrated into hospital practice to improve early detection and management.
Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Chidura Naveen, Dr. Kairamkonda Rajashekar, Dr. Kuturu Sharanya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Kinesiology taping Vs conventional physiotherapy in improving neuromuscular and gait outcomes in ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy: A randomized controlled trial.
Background: Neuromuscular impairments and gait dysfunction are common in children with spastic cerebral palsy and significantly affect functional mobility. Kinesiology taping has been proposed as an adjunct intervention to enhance neuromuscular performance. Objective: To compare the effects of kinesiology taping and conventional physiotherapy on neuromuscular function and gait performance in ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy. Methods: This randomized controlled trial included 85 ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy aged 3–12 years (GMFCS I–III). Participants were assigned to kinesiology taping (44) or conventional physiotherapy (41) groups. Interventions were administered 3 times weekly for 12 weeks. Results: Out of the 85 total participants, 47 were male, while 38 were female. The mean age of the participants in the KT and conventional PT groups was 7.89 ± 2.77 years and 7.71 ± 2.70 years, respectively, with a mean weight of 26.11 ±7.07kg and 25.50 ± 6.76kg, respectively. There was no significant difference in the physical characteristics of participants between the two groups at baseline (p>0.05). The KT group showed significant improvements in neuromuscular function (p = 0.001) and gait performance (p =0.001) over the intervention period. The conventional physiotherapy group showed significant improvement in gait performance (p =0.001) but not in neuromuscular function (p = 0.151). Between-group comparisons revealed no statistically significant differences at baseline, 6 weeks, or 12 weeks for both PNRS and EVGS (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Kinesiology taping improves both neuromuscular function and gait performance in ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy after 12 weeks of intervention, but does not demonstrate clear superiority over conventional physiotherapy. Recommendation: Clinicians should incorporate kinesiology taping into the rehabilitation of ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy, as an alternative to conventional physiotherapy, particularly for improving neuromuscular function and gait performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. B.I.A Akinola, Prof. C.A.O Gbiri, Prof D.O Odebiyi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Economic factors contributing to anaemia in children under the age of five years at the paediatric ward in Nakaseke General Hospital, Nakaseke district. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The study aimed to determine the economic factors contributing to anaemia in children under the age of five years at the paediatric ward in Nakaseke General Hospital, Nakaseke district. Methodology: The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design at Nakaseke General Hospital, targeting caretakers of children under five diagnosed with anaemia. A sample of 80 participants was selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected through pretested self-administered structured questionnaires in Luganda. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained prior to participation. Quantitative data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and presented in tables and charts. Standard operating procedures were followed to ensure confidentiality, voluntary participation, and accuracy, with training provided to research assistants to enhance data quality. Results: Among the 80 respondents, half were married (40; 50.0%), 25 (31.3%) single, 10 (12.5%) divorced, and 5 (6.2%) widowed. Regarding education, 30 (37.5%) had secondary, 25 (31.3%) primary, 15 (18.7%) tertiary, and 10 (12.5%) never attended school. Occupation-wise, 30 (37.5%) were housewives, 25 (31.3%) small-scale business, 20 (25.0%) peasants, and 5 (6.2%) other. Household sizes were 1–4 members (30; 37.5%), 5–8 members (40; 50.0%), and 8+ members (10; 12.5%). Rural residents were 45 (56.3%) and urban 35 (43.7%). Economically, 45 (56.3%) of mothers were unemployed. Household income was below 200,000 UGX (35; 43.8%), 200,001–500,000 UGX (30; 37.5%), and above 500,001 UGX (15; 18.7%). Household heads were farmers (25; 31.3%), employed (25; 31.3%), business owners (20; 25.0%), and unemployed (10; 12.5%). Forty-five (56.3%) households had enough money for food, 60 (75.0%) had safe drinking water, with boreholes serving 10 (12.5%) of respondents. Conclusion: Low income, unemployment, and food insecurity significantly increased anaemia risk among children under five. Recommendation: Government and NGOs should promote women’s income activities and provide social support to improve household food security.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joseph Wabomba, Moses Ojale, George Masete (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Knowledge of caretakers towards neonatal danger signs in Masindi General Hospital in Masindi district. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The study aimed to assess the level of knowledge of caretakers towards neonatal danger signs in Masindi General Hospital in Masindi district. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Masindi General Hospital among caretakers of neonates in postnatal and pediatric wards. A sample of 70 respondents was obtained using Burton’s formula and selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Inclusion required consent, while non-eligible caretakers were excluded. Pretesting and trained assistants ensured data quality. Data were analyzed using tally sheets and presented in tables and charts. Ethical approval, confidentiality, and informed consent were strictly observed throughout the study period. Results: Among 70 respondents, 52 (74.3%) were female and 18 (25.7%) were male. Most were aged 26-35 years, 30 (42.9%), followed by 19-25 years, 28 (40.0%), and 16-18 years, 12 (17.1%). Education levels included primary 19 (27.2%), O-level 26 (37.1%), and A-level and above 25 (35.7%). Most resided in Masindi Town, 30 (42.9%). Knowledge was highest for fever 56 (80.0%) and difficulty breathing 49 (70.0%), while abdominal distension and bluish skin were lowest at 15 (21.4%). Overall, 54 (74%) had received information, mainly from health facilities 36 (51.4%) and ANC sessions 30 (42.9%). Confidence levels showed 28 (40.0%) somewhat confident, 18 (25.7%) very confident, 14 (20.0%) not confident, and 10 (14.3%) unsure. Infections 52 (74.3%) were the leading cause of neonatal illness, followed by birth complications 33 (47.1%), poor feeding 30 (42.9%), lack of hygiene 32 (45.7%), and delayed care 29 (41.4%). Conclusion: Knowledge of neonatal danger signs was moderate, with fever and breathing difficulty most recognized. Recommendation: The health facility should strengthen health education during Antenatal Care (ANC) and Postnatal Care (PNC) sessions to improve knowledge of neonatal danger signs among caretakers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mukhutaar Ruraliire, Victoria Nanjego, George Masete (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Knowledge towards elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV among breastfeeding mothers attending ART services at Kira Health Centre IV, Wakiso district. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The percentage of reproductive-age women’s knowledge of MTCT revealed that the lowest and the highest Knowledge of MTCT was observed in Equatorial Guinea and Zimbabwe, 27.10% and 68.02%, respectively. The study aims to assess the knowledge on the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV among breastfeeding mothers attending ART services at Kira Health Centre IV, Wakiso district. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design with quantitative approaches was used together with simple random sampling to obtain the sample for the study in Kira Health Centre IV in the ART department. Data were collected daily for 30 days from mothers who were willing to participate in the study and had consented by completing a questionnaire. Results: Majority 41(68.3%) of the respondents were aged 20-30 years, 10(16.7%) were aged 30-40 years and lastly 09(15%) respondents who were <20 years of age. 48(80%) were aware of the EMTCT program. 46(76.7%) knew the modes through which HIV can be transmitted from mother to child. 57(95%) were aware that HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during breastfeeding. 38(63.3%) of the respondents knew that ART reduces the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The majority, 45(75%), thought that HIV positive breastfeeding mothers can breastfeed. 32(53.3%), 20(33.3%), 6(10%), thought that mother’s adherence to ART, exclusive breastfeeding, mixed feeding, respectively, could reduce the risk of HIV transmission from mother to child. Conclusions: Regarding the knowledge on Elimination of Mother to Child transmission of HIV among breastfeeding mothers attending ART services at Kira Health Centre IV, Wakiso District, the study established that breastfeeding mothers had a fairly good level of knowledge on EMTCT of HIV. Recommendations: The health workers should continuously educate mothers about the importance of EMTCT of HIV.
Elimination of Mother-to-Child transmission
Copyright (c) 2026 Frank Kakembo, Alexander Ssekibaamu, George Masete (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Child-related factors contributing to the occurrence of atopic dermatitis among children aged 6 months to 10 years attending Kasangati Health Centre IV in Wakiso district.
Background: In Uganda, the lifetime prevalence of reported atopic dermatitis among schoolchildren is estimated at 13.5%, with a 12-month prevalence of 2.3%. The study aims to determine child-related factors contributing to the occurrence of atopic dermatitis among children aged 6 months to 10 years attending Kasangati Health Centre IV in Wakiso district. Methodology: A cross-sectional study design was used during the study to collect quantitative data among children from 6 months to 10 years diagnosed with atopic dermatitis visiting the OPD attending Kasangati health centre IV. A simple random sampling technique was used. Results: Most of the categories, 20 (40%), were aged between 5-10 years, followed by 12 (24%), a little more with 10(20%) aged 1-5yrs while the least, 8 (16%), were aged below 1-6 months. Most of the categories were male: 35 (70%); 15 (30%) were female; 28 (56%) were from urban, and 22 (44%) were from rural. 25(50%) of the categories begin school at 3-5yrs followed by 20(40%) who begin at 1-3yrs with least being 5(10%) who begin at 5 -8yrs and none was found to begin kindergarten at 8-10yrs. The majority, 38 (76%), had other allergic-related diseases. Most of the categories, 20(53%) had pneumonia, 10 (26%) had asthma, and 8 (21%) had allergic rhinitis. 28(56%) had food allergy. Conclusions: Age at which children commence school increases environmental exposures to a high burden of comorbid allergic conditions, especially pneumonia and asthma. Recommendations: The Ministry of Health and Wakiso District Health Office should develop and disseminate simplified educational materials on AD prevention and management, like the importance of moisturising and avoiding harsh soaps through the maternal and child health clinics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Angella Nagawa, Echo Mugisha, George Masete (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO HOME ACCIDENTS AMONG CHILDREN BELOW 5 YEARS IN AKERE DIVISION, APAC MUNIPALITY, APAC DISTRICT
Background: Home accidents are a leading cause of injury and morbidity among children under five years. This has led to financial burden, emotional trauma and reduced productivity among affected households. The study aimed to assess the factors contributing to home accidents among children under five years in Akere Division, Apac Municipality, Apac District. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study with 67 caregivers using structured questionnaires on demographics, environmental risks, caregiver practices, and socioeconomic factors; data analyzed quantitatively. Data was analyzed and presented into tables, graphs and pie charts using microsoft Excel 2020. Results: The majority of caregivers were female (67.2%), aged 26–30 years (31.3%), married (61.2%), and mainly engaged in farming (37.3%) or business (29.9%). Common environmental hazards included slippery floors (58.2%), hot kitchen surfaces (64.2%), sharp objects (71.6%), and easily accessible medications (77.6%). Over half (52.2%) reported that combined preventive measures like stair gates, window guards, and area rugs were most effective, while 49.3% favored ongoing educational sessions to improve knowledge. Socioeconomic factors contributing to accidents included household overcrowding (67.2%), limited access to safety equipment (61.2%), and distance from health facilities, with 29.9% living more than 3 km away; only 44.8% had attended community child safety programs. Conclusion: Home accidents were influenced by environmental, caregiver, and socioeconomic factors. Awareness existed, but limited resources and access to education/health services increased risks. Recommendations: Strengthen health education, improve access to safety equipment, promote community programs, and encourage nurses to engage families and monitor home safety. Nursing implication: Continuous monitoring, follow-up, health education and home visits to reduce incidence of home accidents among children under 5years.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moses Okello, Ronald Awoi, Denish Obong, Filder Monica Odella (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Economic factors associated with anaemia among children under the age of five attending services at Kitgum General Hospital, Kitgum District. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The main causes of anaemia among children under five include parasitic infections such as intestinal worms, schistosomiasis, and malaria, along with inadequate dietary intake and chronic illnesses. The study aims to determine the economic factors associated with anaemia among children under the age of five attending services at Kitgum General Hospital, Kitgum District. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study design utilising quantitative data collection methods was applied. A simple random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 52 participants, and data were gathered using an approved semi-structured interview guide. Results: More than half (57.7%) of respondents were married, and 22(42.3%) were unmarried. The majority, 44(84.6%) of respondents reported unaffordability of high-cost iron-rich food (meat, fish, egg) while 8(15.4%) reported being able to afford high-cost iron-rich food. More than half 30, 57.7%) of respondents reported having ever had financial difficulties, while 22(42.3%) reported having never had financial difficulties. Half of 26(50%) experienced food shortage, while only 8(15.4%) always have enough food. Nearly half 24, 46.2%) of respondents reported their households were not able to afford enough nutritious food for their children, while only 8(15.4%) who always afford nutritious food for their children. The majority, 35(67.3%) of respondents buy their food from the market, followed by 20(38.4%) grew theirs at home, 17(32.7%) get from exchanged labour, while 7(13.5%) get as charity food from community members or some organisation. Conclusion: Economic factors associated with anaemia among children under five include inadequate food distribution, financial difficulties, and the high cost of food items. Recommendation: The Ministry of Health to improve iron supplementation among children under five.
Copyright (c) 2026 Leofrida Lamwaka Labeja, Mr. Ronald Awoi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence of urinary tract infection in children attending the paediatric outpatient department at Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Foundation: A retrospective analytical cross-sectional study.
Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a frequent bacterial infection in children and contributes substantially to short- and long-term morbidity. Early diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are essential to prevent renal complications. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, clinical profile, and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of UTI in children attending a tertiary care centre. Methods: This retrospective analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, KIMS & RF, Amalapuram, over a six-month period. A total of 100 children aged 1–14 years who underwent urine examination were included. Urine samples were analysed by microscopy and culture, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using standard methods. Results: Among 100 children evaluated, 38% were culture-positive for UTI. The highest prevalence was observed in children aged 1–5 years (47.4%). Females constituted 60.5% of culture-positive cases (male: female ratio 1:1.5). Escherichia coli was the predominant isolate (63.2%), followed by Klebsiella species (18.4%). E. coli demonstrated the highest sensitivity to nitrofurantoin (89.5%) and ceftriaxone (84.2%), while resistance was highest to ampicillin (68.4%). Fever (71.1%) and dysuria (52.6%) were the most common presenting symptoms. Conclusion: UTI prevalence was 38% among children attending the paediatric OPD, with female predominance and E. coli as the principal pathogen. High resistance to commonly used antibiotics underscores the need for periodic surveillance and rational antimicrobial prescribing. Recommendations: Strengthen urine culture-based diagnosis, implement regular antibiogram surveillance, promote nitrofurantoin as first-line therapy, and reinforce antimicrobial stewardship in paediatric outpatient care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dandu Venkata Satya Sanjay Varma, N Parikshit Kumar, T. Krishna Reddy, Shaik Mabbul (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of parents towards HPV immunization of girl children aged 9 - 13 years at OPD in Kawaala health center IV, Kampala district. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of parents towards HPV immunization of girls aged 9 - 13 years at OPD in Kawaala Health Center IV, Kampala district. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the OPD of Kawaala Health Centre IV in Kampala among parents or guardians of girls aged 9–13 years. Sample size was calculated using the Kish and Leslie (1965) formula (n=367), but due to limited resources, 92 participants were recruited. Purposive sampling was used. Data were collected through interviews using questionnaires, analyzed in Excel, and presented in tables and percentages. Ethical approval, informed consent, confidentiality, and pre-testing ensured quality and ethical compliance. Results: Among 92 parents attending OPD at Kawaala Health Center IV, 40 (43.5%) had primary education and 39 (42.4%) secondary education. Almost half, 45 (48.9%), believed HPV vaccination is important, while 40 (43.5%) disagreed. Most respondents, 77 (83.7%), heard about the vaccine from health centers. However, 63 (68.5%) had never actively searched for cancer prevention information. Regarding perceived severity, 53 (57.6%) considered HPV infection somewhat serious and 34 (37%) very serious. Although 77 (83.7%) had attended HPV education sessions, 45 (48.9%) were unsure whether the benefits outweighed the risks. Attitudinally, 42 (45.7%) believed vaccination protects against sexually transmitted infections, while 48 (52.2%) feared it might influence sexual behavior. Most children, 64 (69.6%), were already vaccinated, mainly through school programs, 72 (78.3%). Key barriers included distance to health centers 38, 41.3%), limited knowledge 30 (32.6%), and concerns about unknown side effects 30 (32.6%). Conclusion: Limited parental knowledge, safety fears, misinformation, and social barriers negatively influence attitudes and practices toward HPV vaccination. Recommendation: Health workers should intensify routine health education at OPD, clarifying HPV vaccination benefits and safety, and addressing common misconceptions such as fears about sexual behavior.
Copyright (c) 2026 Catherine Nakasujja, Ms. Hasifa Nansereko, Francisco Ssemuwemba, Jane Frank Nalubega, Immaculate Prosperia Naggulu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Caregivers’ knowledge regarding oral health of children aged 2–5 years at Kajjansi Health Center IV, Wakiso District. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The study aimed to assess caregivers’ knowledge regarding the oral health of children aged 2–5 years at Kajjansi Health Center IV, Wakiso District. Methodology: This study used a descriptive cross-sectional quantitative design to assess caregivers’ oral care practices for children aged 2–5 years at Kajjansi Health Center IV, Wakiso District. A sample of 96 caregivers was obtained using the Kish and Leslie (1965) formula and selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires translated into Luganda and pretested at Seguku Health Center III. Responses were coded and analyzed using SPSS to generate frequencies and percentages. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained, and confidentiality was maintained throughout the study. Results: A total of 96 caregivers participated in the study. Respondents were aged 20–30 years (42, 43.8%), followed by 31–40 years (30, 31.3%), while 16 (16.6%) were aged 41 years or above, and 8 (8.3%) were below 20 years. Half of the caregivers had secondary education (44, 45.8%), while 24 (25.0%) had tertiary education, 22 (22.9%) had primary education, and 6 (6.3%) had no formal education. Regarding employment, 36 (37.5%) were unemployed, 30 (31.3%) were self-employed, 28 (29.2%) were employed, and 2 (2.1%) were retired. Knowledge results showed that 62 (64.6%) identified twice-daily brushing, while 78 (81.3%) knew sugar causes dental caries. Awareness of fluoridated toothpaste was reported by 56 (58.3%). Also, 70 (72.9%) recognized the need for primary teeth check-ups, 52 (54.2%) knew the brushing technique, and 88 (91.7%) reported that brushing prevents tooth decay. However, only 30 (31.3%) identified the six-month dental visit interval. Conclusion: The study finds that caregivers at Kajjansi Health Center IV have moderate to good knowledge. Recommendation: Health workers should educate caregivers on tooth-brushing techniques, the use of fluoridated toothpaste, and the risks of frequent sugary snacks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Caroline Nabyonga, Jimmy Okwany, Hasifa Nansereko, Jane Frank Nalubega, Immaculate Prosperia Naggulu, Francisco Ssemuwemba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence and risk factors of Streptococcus pyogenes among Children Aged 3-15 years at Nyimbwa Health Centre IV, Luwero District: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Background: Acute pharyngitis is one of the diseases caused by S. pyogenes. The study aims to determine the prevalence of Streptococcus pyogenes, its associated clinical features, and contributing risk factors among children aged 3-15 years presenting with acute pharyngitis at Nyimbwa Health Centre IV in Luwero District. Methodology: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of S. pyogenes among children aged 3-15 years with acute pharyngitis and also identify associated risk factors of S. pyogenes among children aged 3-15 years with acute pharyngitis. The study was conducted from Nyimbwa Health Centre IV, which is a health Centre located in Nyimbwa County, Katikamu, Luwero District. Participants were selected using a convenience sampling method. Results: 143 children aged 3-15 years who attended Nyimbwa Health Centre IV in Luwero District during the period of study were recruited for the study. 143 children were examined for S. pyogenes; only 16 had positive culture results, and 127 had negative culture results. The results indicate that the prevalence of S. pyogenes among children aged 3-15 years is 11.2%. 91.6% (131/143) of the children who complained of a sore throat, 93.8% (15/16) had positive cultures for S. pyogenes. 44.1% (63/143) of the children had a cough, of which 31.3% (5/143) had positive cultures for S. pyogenes. Sex of the child, sharing of beddings, and contact with a person with S. pyogenes had no significant association with the prevalence of S. pyogenes. Conclusion: The results also linked classic clinical symptoms such as sore throat, fever, and inflamed tonsils to S. pyogenes positivity, strengthening the evidence for clinical diagnosis. Recommendation: Caregivers should adopt preventive home practices, including avoiding indoor smoking, reducing overcrowding, encouraging proper hygiene, and seeking prompt medical care whenever children develop a sore throat or fever.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jameo Nabwami, Francisco Ssemuwemba, Hasifa Nansereko, Anthony Ssekitoleko, Jane Frank Nalubega, Immaculate Prosperia Naggulu, Richard Miiro (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Uptake of vitamin A supplement among children aged 6 to 59 months attending Kirumandagi health centre II, Luweero district, A Cross-sectional study.
Background: Vitamin A supplementation coverage has been inconsistent, as only slightly more than half of children aged 6–59 months receive the supplement. This study aimed to assess the determinants of Uptake of Vitamin A supplements among children aged 6 to 59 months attending Kirumandagi Health Centre II, Luweero district. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study design employing quantitative methods was used to collect data among caregivers of children aged 6 to 59 Months attending Kirumandagi Health Centre II. Data collection was done within a period of 4 days by a convenience sampling technique using researcher-administered questionnaires, and data were analyzed using the Microsoft Excel (2019) program. Findings were presented in the form of tables, graphs, and pie-charts. Results: Out of 40 participants: (62.5%) were aged between 29 and 39 years, and (50%) of the respondents had attained secondary education. With caregiver-related factors (50%), the respondents did not know the benefits of Vitamin A for children, (65%) family needs made it hard to take their children, (75%) forgot, and (50%) families did not support them in taking their children for Vitamin A supplementation. Health facility–related determinants showed that (62%) reported inadequate staffing level, (70%) Vitamin A supplements were not always available at the health Centre and (65%) stated that health workers did not explain during Vitamin A visits. Conclusion: Forgetfulness, poor family support, and limited awareness were major barriers to the uptake of Vitamin A supplements. Many caregivers lacked knowledge about the benefits of Vitamin A, and some had mixed beliefs about its importance. Recommendation: The health facility management should improve health worker communication by encouraging brief but effective health education during child health visits. They should conduct regular community sensitization sessions to improve caregiver knowledge and awareness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aidah Nassolo, George Masete, Immaculate Naggulu, Hasifa Nansereko, Jane Frank Nalubega (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Postpartum depression among mothers attending the postnatal clinic at Elshadai Hospital, Nkumba, Wakiso district. A Cross-sectional study.
Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common mental health condition, affecting mothers after childbirth with significant consequences for maternal well-being and infant care. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers towards postpartum depression, attending the postnatal clinic at Elshadai Hospital in Nkumba, Wakiso District. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed. 52 postnatal mothers at Elshadai Hospital were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2016. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages. Results: The majority of respondents were aged 24–29 years (22, 42.3%), (5, 9.7%), were aged 36 years and above, (34, 65.4%) were married, whereas (4, 7.7%) were widowed. (20, 38.5%) had attained secondary education, (4, 7.7%) had no formal education, (21, 40.4%) were Catholic, (38, 73.1%) had attended a postnatal clinic before, while a minority had not attended (14, 26.9%). The majority of mothers (63.5%) had heard of PPD, primarily from health workers (38.5%), and most recognized hormonal changes as a major cause. Positive attitudes were observed, with 42.3% acknowledging PPD as a real health problem and 50% strongly agreeing that affected women should seek help. In practice, (34.6%) mothers sometimes shared emotions with health workers and (38.5%) practiced self-care occasionally, while 59.6% had not attended any health education or counseling sessions. Conclusion: Mothers demonstrated moderate knowledge, generally positive attitudes, and variable practices toward postpartum depression. However, gaps in awareness, misconceptions, and inconsistent engagement with health services were noted. Recommendations: Strengthen postnatal mental health education, integrate routine PPD screening, and promote counseling and psychosocial support at health facilities. Mothers are encouraged to actively participate in postnatal education sessions, share their emotional experiences with healthcare providers, and adopt self-care practices to maintain mental health during the postpartum period.
Copyright (c) 2026 Phiona Nanyonjo, Racheal Aber, Jane Frank Nalubega, Hasifa Nansereko, Immaculate Prosperia Naggulu, Francisco Ssemuwemba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Caregiver-related challenges faced by caregivers of children aged 1-5 years with Sickle Cell Disease at China-Uganda Friendship Hospital, Kampala District. A cross-sectional study.
Background The study aimed to identify the caregiver-related challenges faced by caregivers of children aged 1-5 years with Sickle Cell Disease at China-Uganda Friendship Hospital, Kampala District. Methodology: The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design to collect data at one point in time. It was conducted at China-Uganda Friendship Hospital, Naguru, Kampala, a public hospital providing specialized sickle cell services. The study targeted caregivers of children aged 1-5 years with sickle cell disease. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s table, a sample size of 40 caregivers was selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected over four days using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in Microsoft Excel, with ethical approval and informed consent obtained. Results: The study involved 40 caregivers, of whom 21 (52.5%) were female and 19 (47.5%) male. Most respondents were aged 29-39 years, accounting for 23 (57.5%), followed by 10 (25%) aged 40-49, while only 7 (17.5%) were aged 18-28 years. More than half 22 (55%) knew common sickle cell crisis triggers, mainly cold exposure 10 (45.5%). Most caregivers 32 (80%) always felt stressed. Half of 20 (50%) could not afford treatment, and 27 (67.5%) reported hospital visits affected their work. Partners supported care in 24 (60%) cases. Conclusion: Caregiver-related challenges included emotional stress, financial hardship, and disrupted work schedules caused by frequent hospital visits. Recommendation: Caregivers should seek guidance from health workers on home care and complications, and adhere to follow-up visits and treatments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shamillah Katusiime, George Masete, Hasifa Nansereko, Jane Frank Nalubega, Immaculate Prosperia Naggulu, Francisco Ssemuwemba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Child behavioral factors contributing to worm infestation among children under 5 years of age attending OPD services in Katikamu HCIII, Luwero District. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The study aimed to determine the child behavioral factors contributing to worm infestation among children under 5 years of age attending OPD services in Katikamu HCIII, Luwero District. Methodology: This quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Katikamu Health Centre III in Luwero District, Central Uganda. Parents of children under five attending the outpatient department formed the study population. Using Slovin’s formula, a sample of 40 respondents was obtained from a population of 45 and selected through convenience sampling over five days. Data were collected once using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. Data were checked, coded, and analyzed using SPSS to generate frequencies and percentages. Validity, reliability, and ethical standards were ensured throughout the study, and procedures followed approved institutional guidelines. Results: Catholics formed the largest religious group at 18 (45%), followed by Muslims 12 (30%) and Protestants 10 (25%). Business persons dominated occupations at 29 (72.5%), with peasants 7 (17.5%) and government workers 4 (10%). Regarding children, females were 23(57.5%) and males 17 (42.5%). Most children were fed twice daily (23, 57.5%). Walking barefoot was reported by 27 (67.5%). Half were aged 2-3 years (20, 50%). Eating raw food was the least reported (2, 5%), while improper handwashing affected 8 (20%) children overall, and nail trimming was uncommon (3, 7.5%). Conclusion: Child-related worm infestation risks included female children, frequent barefoot walking, contaminated play areas, and high activity ages two to three. Recommendation: Promote child hygiene through handwashing, shoe wearing, avoiding contamination, and implement routine six-monthly deworming for children.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agnes Arebo, Habert Mpamize, Jane Frank Nalubega, Hasifa Nansereko, Immaculate Prosperia Naggulu, Francisco Ssemuwemba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Knowledge regarding neonatal cord care among postnatal mothers at Entebbe regional referral hospital. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The study aimed to identify the Knowledge regarding neonatal cord care among postnatal mothers at Entebbe regional referral hospital. Methodology: A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study assessed neonatal cord care among postnatal mothers at Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital. Conducted at the postnatal clinic, the study involved consenting mothers aged 18 years and above. A sample of 44 participants was selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using a semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire that covered respondents’ demographics, attitudes, and practices. Data were cleaned, coded, and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Quality assurance included pretesting, and ethical approval, informed consent, confidentiality, and secure data management were ensured to improve the validity and reliability of findings and overall outcomes. Results: Employment status indicated 16 (36.4%) were employed, 15 (34.1%) housewives, and 13 (29.5%) self-employed. Monthly income was mainly 300,000-500,000 UGX among 26 (59.1%), with 14 (31.8%) earning below 500,000 and 4 (9.1%) above. Knowledge findings showed health workers as the main information source, 36 (81.8%). Clean boiled water was identified by 26 (59.1%) as the recommended cleaning method, while 14 (31.8%) mentioned herbs. Cord care was said to prevent infection by 31 (70.5%). Initiation immediately after birth was reported by 29 (65.9%). Cord detachment took 1-3 weeks for 18 (40.9%). A cord was preferred by 34. Conclusion: Postnatal mothers demonstrated generally good knowledge of neonatal cord care. Recommendation: The Ministry of Health should design a national training/refresher module for midwives and other health mothers on neonatal cord care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jenipher Nalweyiso, Jaliah Namutebi, Jane Frank Nalubega, Hasifa Nansereko, Immaculate Prosperia Naggulu, Francisco Ssemuwemba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Community-related factors contributing to the increased cases of malaria among children below five years in Arua regional referral hospital, Arua district. A cross-sectional study.
Background Uganda and the entire Sub-Saharan Africa have one of the highest global burdens of malaria cases. This study aimed to identify the community-related factors contributing to the increased cases of malaria among this age group in Arua regional referral hospital. Methodology The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional study with a purposive sampling technique, which was used to collect data from 50 respondents according to the specific objectives. The data was later analysed by using Microsoft Word and Excel, then presented in tables and figures. Results Half of the respondents (50%) had attained primary school, and 52% were peasant farmers. Community-related factors noted were that the location of respondents' homes had an impact on the increased malaria cases, as (54%) of homes were surrounded by vegetation, poor housing infrastructures since (48%) had semi-permanent houses, and poor waste management by (28%) who kept solid wastes at home in open heap garbage places. Conclusion Location of the respondent’s homes, poor housing infrastructures, and poor waste management behaviour were the major factors contributing to an increase in the number of malaria cases among children below five years. Recommendations The government of Uganda, through the Ministry of Health, should ensure interior spraying is available to all households at no cost.
Copyright (c) 2025 James Lopia Peter Okenyi, Alex Katwe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Maternal knowledge and individual influencing factors on nutrition in children under five years attending Kajjansi Health Centre IV, Wakiso District: A descriptive cross-sectional study.
Background This study aims to examine Maternal knowledge and influencing factors on nutrition in children under five years attending Kajjansi Health Centre IV, Wakiso District. Methodology A descriptive cross-sectional study design, employing a quantitative research method, was used to obtain data. The design was chosen because it was cost-saving, easier to carry out, and carried out in a shorter time. The study targeted mothers of children under five years attending Kajjansi Health Centre IV, Wakiso District, during the time of data collection. The collected data was then coded and cleaned to remove any errors or inconsistencies. The cleaned, coded data were then entered into Microsoft Excel 2022 for analysis, and findings were summarized and presented using frequency tables, graphs, and pie charts. Results The majority, 24 (53.3%) of the mothers were aged 29–38 years, followed by 14 (31.1%) aged 18–28 years, 5 (11.1%) were between 39–49 years, and the least 3 (6.7%) were aged 50 years and above. The majority, 29 (64.4%), were not sure which nutrients prevent malnutrition, and 7 (15.6%) correctly identified iron, vitamin A, and zinc as essential. Most respondents, 38 (84.4%), knew that improper feeding has negative effects, while 7 (15.6%) did not know. Many 31 (68.9%) felt that good feeding is very important, while 5 (11.1%) felt it is not important. Most respondents, 28 (62.2%), believed carbohydrates such as rice and porridge are best for growth, whereas 2 (4.4%) alone are most important. Conclusions Many mothers lacked adequate understanding of specific nutrients essential for preventing malnutrition, with the majority unsure of key micronutrients. Recommendations Mothers and caregivers should actively attend growth-monitoring sessions and follow recommended feeding practices by providing balanced meals that go beyond carbohydrate-based foods.
Copyright (c) 2026 Biira Shaidat Katusiime, Edrine Mayanja, Hasifa Nansereko, Immaculate Prosperia Naggulu, Jane Frank Nalubega (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Individual-related determinants of health-seeking behaviours for child health services among mothers getting health care at Katabi Military Hospital, Wakiso District. A cross-sectional study.
Background: Globally, common causes of under-five morbidity and mortality in developing countries could be substantially reduced through timely healthcare-seeking behaviour (HCSB) by families. The study aimed to identify the individual-related determinants of health-seeking behaviours for child health services among mothers getting health care at Katabi Military Hospital, Wakiso District. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted at Katabi Military Hospital, Wakiso District, among 45 mothers seeking child health services. Convenience sampling and a self-administered questionnaire captured sociodemographic, individual, socioeconomic, and facility-related factors influencing health-seeking behaviour. Sample size was determined using the Kish-Leslie formula. Data were collected with institutional approval, managed, and analysed using Microsoft Excel to generate percentages. Quality assurance involved pretesting the tool, while ethical clearance, informed consent, and confidentiality were ensured throughout the study. Validity and reliability were strengthened through supervision, data handling, and secure storage. Results: Results showed that most respondents were aged above 35 years (42.2%), followed by 25-34 years (33.3%) and 15-24 years (24.5%). Over half had primary education (51.1%), 40.0% secondary, and 8.9% tertiary. Individual factors revealed that 80.0% reported household decision-making power as a stronger predictor of child health-seeking than education. High fever was considered the most serious illness (51.1%), followed by severe diarrhoea (28.9%), persistent cough (15.6%), and unconsciousness (4.4%). Most mothers (84.4%) agreed that education influences care-seeking. Access to health information improved behaviour for 60.0%, while 75.6% believed knowledge of service availability enhanced timely utilisation. Conclusion: Maternal autonomy played a critical role in timely child health-care seeking. Recommendation: Mothers should be empowered to make independent health-related decisions for their children through community education and gender-equity interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sharon Akello, Jaliah Namutebi, Immaculate Prosperia Naggulu, Jane Frank Nalubega, Hasifa Nansereko, Francisco Ssemuwemba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Maternal-related factors influencing retention of HIV-exposed infants in the early infant diagnosis (EID) care clinic at Nebbi General Hospital. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The study aimed to identify maternal-related characteristics influencing the retention of HIV-exposed infants in the EID Care Clinic of Nebbi General Hospital. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study using quantitative methods was conducted at Nebbi General Hospital’s EID clinic to assess factors influencing retention of HIV-exposed infants (HEIs). The study targeted 44 caregivers of HEIs, selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected via a semi-structured questionnaire on socio-demographic and maternal-related factors, after obtaining informed consent. Completed questionnaires were checked, stored securely, and analyzed using Excel for descriptive statistics. Validity and reliability were ensured through supervisor review and pre-testing. Ethical approval was obtained, maintaining confidentiality, anonymity, and voluntary participation throughout the study. Results: Most respondents were aged 20-29 years (17; 38.6%) and 30-39 years (15; 34.1%), while only 5 (11.3%) were 40 years or older. Over half had secondary education (26; 59.1%), 10 (22.7%) had tertiary, and 8 (18.2%) had primary education. Regarding maternal-related factors, 28 (63.6%) were aware of the importance of HIV testing for their babies. Fear of stigma (23; 52.2%) was the main reason for missed appointments. Most mothers (24; 54.5%) had not disclosed their HIV status, 25 (56.8%) sometimes adhered to medication, and 27 (61.4%) often felt too sad or worried to attend follow-ups, affecting retention of HIV-exposed infants in the EID clinic. Conclusion: Maternal issues such as fear of stigma, non-disclosure of HIV status, emotional distress, and irregular ART adherence greatly reduced clinic attendance. Recommendation: The Ministry of Health should strengthen maternal counseling programs to improve mothers’ knowledge of HIV and Early Infant Diagnosis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Judith Peace Acom, Hasifa Nansereko, Immaculate Prosperia Naggulu, Jane Frank Nalubega (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Pattern of heart disease in children attending Dessie referral hospital, Ethiopia, a facility cross-sectional study.
Background Congenital heart disease (CHD) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) represent a significant health burden in developing countries, contributing substantially to childhood morbidity and mortality. Both conditions are closely linked to socio-economic factors and are largely preventable. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the magnitude and pattern of heart disease among children at Dessie Referral Hospital, Ethiopia, from October 2022 to March 2023. Methods A retrospective, institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Dessie Referral Hospital. Data were collected from patient charts using a simple random sampling method. The data were entered, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS version 25, with descriptive statistics applied for analysis. Results Over the six-month study period, 275 cases of cardiac disease were identified out of 6,018 total cases, yielding an incidence rate of 4.5%. Rheumatic heart disease accounted for 153 cases (55.6%), with the most common presentations being mitral valve regurgitation (57.2%, n=95), tricuspid regurgitation (49.4%), mitral stenosis (32.5%), and aortic regurgitation (AR). Congenital heart disease was diagnosed in 112 cases (40.7%), with ventricular septal defect (47.5%) being the most frequent, followed by atrial septal defect (15.1%), atrioventricular septal defect (11.5%), and Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) (8%). Conclusion Cardiac diseases remain a significant health concern, with an incidence rate of 4.5% over six months. Rheumatic heart disease accounted for the majority (55.6%) of cases, while congenital heart disease comprised 40.7%, with ventricular septal defect being the most common presentation. Recommendation These findings highlight the urgent need for improved prevention, early detection, and management strategies, particularly for RHD and CHD, to reduce their burden and associated complications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zehara Gashaw, Ehtemariam Bahiru, Tariku Yigremachew Gossaye, Mohammed Legesse (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
PRACTICE TOWARDS FIRST AID MANAGEMENT OF BURNS AMONG PARENTS OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS AT GOMBE HOSPITAL. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
Background Globally, burn injuries are a leading cause of death and disability among children. The study aims to assess the practice of first aid management of burns among parents of children under five years at Gombe Hospital. Methodology A descriptive cross-sectional study in which in-depth interviews were conducted, involving quantitative research approaches. Data was manually analyzed and entered into a computer using Microsoft Excel 2021. It was then presented using tables and figures. Results 21 (70%) of the respondents were employed while 9(30%) were unemployed. 17 (57%) took their children to the hospital after a burns accident whereas the diminutive 5 (17%) took their children home after a burns accident. 21 (70%) used herbs to treat burns whereas 9 (30%) did not use herbs to treat burns. 22 (73%) used cooking oil to treat the burns whereas 8 (27%) did not use cooking oil to treat the burns. The majority of the respondents 20(67%) didn’t use cold water in burnt areas whereas the minority of the respondents 10(33%) used cold water in burnt areas. Conclusion The practices toward first aid management were predominantly improper and potentially harmful which not only undermine effective burn management but also pose serious risks to the health and recovery of the children. Recommendations The Ministry of Health should Ensure that health workers receive regular training on the latest in burn care and prevention, enabling them to provide accurate advice and follow-up care to patients.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ismail Mugera , Edson Monday (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0