Welcome to SJ Pediatrics and Child Health Africa, an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal at the forefront of pediatric and child health research. We publish impactful scholarly work across all areas of pediatrics and child health, connecting African research to the global scientific community. Now indexed in Embase, a major biomedical database by Elsevier, the journal offers authors enhanced international visibility, credibility, and discoverability. This milestone positions SJ Pediatrics and Child Health Africa as a trusted platform for high-quality research with global reach. We welcome original research, reviews, and clinical reports that advance evidence-based pediatric care, policy, and practice worldwide. The journal has both Print (ISSN: 3006-6360) and online (ISSN:3006-6379). SJC Publishers Company Limited publishes it. Aim and Scope: SJ Pediatrics and Child Health Africa aim to provide a platform for disseminating high-quality research, reviews, and case studies pertinent to pediatric and child health issues across Africa and the world at large. The journal seeks to advance understanding and improve the health outcomes of children on the continent by publishing original research, evidence-based practices, and innovative approaches in areas such as preventive medicine, clinical care, public health interventions, and healthcare policy. SJ Pediatrics and Child Health Africa aims to bridge gaps in healthcare delivery, promote collaboration among healthcare professionals, and ultimately contribute to the well-being and development of African children. We publish different specialties, and we believe that each plays a unique role in improving Pediatric Health Outcomes. These are published in the following sections; Neonatology Pediatric Cardiology Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Pediatric Surgery Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Pediatric Infectious Diseases Pediatric Hospice and Palliative Medicine Pediatric Pulmonology Adolescent Medicine Pediatric Neurology Social Pediatric Submit your Manuscript to us and experience a professional Publication process.
Diagnostic and prognostic utility of c-reactive protein and serum ferritin in children with suspected sepsis: a cross-sectional observational study.
Introduction Pediatric sepsis requires rapid recognition despite delayed or negative microbiological cultures. C-reactive protein (CRP) and ferritin are accessible inflammatory biomarkers. This study assessed their diagnostic and prognostic associations with culture positivity, septic shock, PRISM III score, and in-hospital mortality. Materials and Methods This prospective observational study included 40 children with suspected sepsis. Clinical details and cultures were recorded, and serum CRP and ferritin were measured at admission and 48 hours. Disease severity was assessed using septic shock status and PRISM III score, with survival recorded. Diagnostic utility for culture positivity was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and ROC analysis, with appropriate statistical tests and p<0.05 considered significant. Results Among 40 children with suspected sepsis, 37.5% were culture-positive. CRP was significantly higher in culture-positive cases at admission (66.93 ± 22.40 vs 51.88 ± 22.68 mg/L; p=0.048) and 48 hours (98.26 ± 15.83 vs 58.55 ± 22.74; p<0.001), with 48-hour AUC of 0.908. Septic shock was associated with higher CRP (71.23 ± 16.90 mg/L) and ferritin (461.70 ± 262.83 ng/mL). Ferritin was markedly higher among non-survivors (657.20 ± 162.73 vs 218.12 ± 225.54 ng/mL; p<0.001). Both CRP (r=0.507) and ferritin (r=0.543) correlated significantly with PRISM III scores. Conclusion CRP, particularly at 48 hours, demonstrated useful diagnostic performance for culture-positive sepsis, while ferritin showed stronger associations with septic shock and mortality. Both biomarkers correlated significantly with PRISM III scores, supporting CRP as a diagnostic marker and ferritin as a useful indicator of severity and prognosis. Recommendations Serial CRP measurement can complement clinical and microbiological assessment, while ferritin can assist severity and prognostic stratification. Both should be interpreted with culture findings and PRISM III rather than as standalone tests. Larger prospective studies should validate clinically useful cut-offs.
Section of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Critical Care
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Suma C P, Dr . Lingaraju K S, Dr. Kirana Kumar B N (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence and patterns of asymptomatic urinary abnormalities among school children: a prospective cross-sectional screening study.
Background Asymptomatic urinary abnormalities in children may represent transient changes or early manifestations of renal and urinary tract disease. School-based urine screening may facilitate early detection, but abnormal dipstick findings require confirmation because many resolve on repeat testing. Methods This prospective cross-sectional screening study included school children aged 5–15 years attending three government-aided schools in Bangalore, India. First-voided early-morning, midstream clean-catch urine samples were examined using multiparameter urine reagent strips. Children with an abnormal initial result underwent repeat urine-dipstick testing and blood-pressure measurement after 15 days. Children with persistent abnormalities were referred for further clinical and laboratory evaluation. Categorical variables were assessed using the chi-square test, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results Of 2,000 children approached, 1,920 were included. The study population comprised 1,066 boys and 854 girls. Initial screening identified urinary abnormalities in 162 children (8.43%). Isolated proteinuria was the most frequent finding (61, 3.18%), followed by hematuria (54, 2.81%), pyuria (41, 2.14%), and combined hematuria and proteinuria (6, 0.31%). After repeat testing, 42 children (2.19%) remained positive; 25.9% of initially positive children therefore had persistent abnormalities. Ten children attended hospital follow-up, where urinary tract infection, Henoch–Schönlein purpura, ureteric calculus, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis were identified. Conclusion Urinary abnormalities were relatively common during initial school screening but declined substantially after repeat testing. Repeat urinalysis is therefore essential before extensive investigation. Recommendation School-based screening should incorporate properly collected first-morning urine, repeat testing of positive results, blood-pressure assessment, appropriate quantitative confirmation, and a reliable referral pathway for children with persistent abnormalities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Shreyas A. C, Dr. Alkarani T. Patil, Dr. Jacqueline A. Shah, Dr. Ranjitha M, Dr. Sathvika Chandrashekara Reddy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effect of Early Breastfeeding Initiation and Hospital Practices on Exclusive Breastfeeding Success: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study.
Background Early breastfeeding initiation and supportive hospital practices are critical determinants of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) success. Despite recommendations for early initiation and avoidance of prelacteal and unnecessary formula feeds, EBF rates remain suboptimal. Objective To evaluate the association of breastfeeding initiation timing and key hospital practices, including antenatal and postnatal counselling, prelacteal feeding, and in-hospital formula supplementation, with EBF success at 2.5 and 6 months of infant age. Methods A prospective study was conducted at Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, India, among 200 mother–newborn dyads. Participants were assessed within 48 hours of delivery and followed up at 2.5 and 6 months. Data on maternal characteristics, breastfeeding practices, hospital exposures, and barriers to EBF were collected using a structured questionnaire. Associations were assessed using chi-square tests and multivariate analysis. Results Breastfeeding initiation within 2 hours was significantly associated with EBF success at 2.5 months (84.0% vs. 35.5%; χ²=31.4, p=0.001) and 6 months (87.0% vs. 71.0%; χ²=5.31, p=0.021). In-hospital formula supplementation was associated with higher EBF failure at 2.5 months (51.7% vs. 10.3%; χ²=41.25, p=0.001) and 6 months (41.4% vs. 13.6%; χ²=10.62, p=0.001). Antenatal and postnatal counselling were significantly associated with improved EBF outcomes. Conclusion Early breastfeeding initiation, avoidance of unnecessary formula supplementation, and structured counselling were important modifiable factors associated with EBF success. Recommendation Hospitals should strengthen early breastfeeding support, minimize unnecessary supplementation, discourage prelacteal feeding, and provide structured antenatal and postnatal counselling and lactation support.
Copyright (c) 2026 Monika Kashyap, Ragini Singh, Vishal Kaushik, Priyanka Gandhi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Clinical and Microbiological Profile, Treatment Requirements, and Short-Term Outcomes of Neonatal Sepsis: A Prospective Observational Study
Background Neonatal sepsis remains a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality, particularly among preterm, low-birth-weight, and outborn neonates. Local clinical and microbiological surveillance is necessary because presenting features, pathogen distribution, and treatment outcomes vary across neonatal units. Objectives To describe the demographic and perinatal profile, clinical manifestations, laboratory and microbiological findings, treatment requirements, complications, and short-term in-hospital outcomes of neonates with sepsis. Methods This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, Neelima Institute of Medical Sciences, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad, from October 2025 to March 2026. Consecutively admitted neonates with suspected sepsis were evaluated clinically and with laboratory investigations, including blood culture. Participants were followed until discharge or death, and the findings were summarised descriptively. Results Among 56 neonates assessed, 50 were analysed. Mean gestational age was 35.9 ± 3.1 weeks; 44.0% were preterm, 48.0% had low birth weight, and 56.0% were outborn. Poor feeding (72.0%), lethargy (66.0%), and respiratory distress (62.0%) were common. Blood cultures were positive in 18 neonates (36.0%); 66.7% of isolates were Gram-negative, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was predominant. Twenty-nine neonates (58.0%) required respiratory support, including 15 (30.0%) requiring invasive ventilation. Forty-nine neonates (98.0%) improved and were discharged, while one neonate died, giving an in-hospital mortality rate of 2.0%. Conclusion Neonatal sepsis in this cohort was characterised by frequent respiratory compromise, inflammatory and haematological abnormalities, and Gram-negative predominance. Most neonates recovered with antimicrobial therapy and supportive care, and the observed in-hospital mortality was low at 2.0%. Because only one death occurred, mortality predictors could not be evaluated reliably. Recommendations Neonatal units should strengthen infection prevention, obtain blood cultures before antibiotics whenever feasible, maintain updated local antibiograms, and prioritise rapid escalation of supportive care for low-birth-weight neonates with shock, acidosis, thrombocytopenia, or respiratory failure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr N. Santosh Kumar, Dr Vidya Singaravelu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparative Evaluation of Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns in Hospitalized Paediatric Patients at Government and Private Tertiary Care Hospitals: A Prospective Observational Study
Background: To compare antibiotic prescribing patterns among hospitalized paediatric patients at a government and a private tertiary care hospital in Karnataka, India. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics at Koppal Institute of Medical Sciences (government hospital) and Lake View Hospital, Belagavi (private hospital). Two hundred hospitalized patients aged under 18 years who received at least one antimicrobial agent were consecutively enrolled from each site following informed parental consent. Demographic, clinical, and antibiotic-prescribing data were collected from case records and analysed using SPSS v26.0, with Chi-square and independent-samples t-tests applied as appropriate (significance at p<0.05). Results: Demographic and diagnostic profiles were broadly comparable, though the government hospital served predominantly rural, lower-socioeconomic patients while the private hospital served urban, higher-socioeconomic patients (p<0.001). The private hospital generated more antibiotic prescriptions (380 vs. 250) and higher per-patient antimicrobial intensity (1.90 vs. 1.25 antimicrobials/encounter; 3.6 vs. 2.8 drugs/patient). Ceftriaxone and cephalosporins predominated at both sites but more markedly in the private hospital (59.2% vs. 46.0% of prescriptions). Treatment duration was longer in the government hospital for several agents, along with longer overall hospital stay (6.5 vs. 4.2 days). Generic-name documentation was complete at both sites, though the private hospital also recorded brand names. Conclusion: Government and private tertiary hospitals exhibit distinct antibiotic prescribing cultures—the private sector favouring higher prescribing intensity, and the government sector favouring prolonged treatment durations likely linked to delayed microbiological diagnostics. These findings indicate that antimicrobial stewardship interventions in this region should be tailored to each sector rather than applied uniformly.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Girish Hiremath, Dr. Shashikant, Dr. Harsha, Dr. Nikita Sudhir Kulgod, Akash Gadgade, Sagar Chidanand Duganavar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Growth Outcomes in Children Receiving Long-Term Inhaled Corticosteroids: A Hospital-Based Retrospective Cohort Study.
Background: Inhaled corticosteroids are widely used for long-term control of bronchial asthma in children. Although they improve airway inflammation and reduce exacerbations, their prolonged use has raised concern regarding possible effects on linear growth. Objectives: To assess growth outcomes among children receiving long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy and to evaluate the association of growth parameters with dose category and duration of treatment. Methods: A hospital-based retrospective cohort study was conducted at Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences, Amalapuram, from September 2025 to February 2026. Consecutive records of children aged 5-14 years with bronchial asthma, at least one year of regular inhaled corticosteroid use, and serial anthropometric measurements were screened. Of 112 records assessed, 100 eligible records were analyzed. Inhaled corticosteroid exposure and growth indices, including annual height velocity and Z-score changes, were evaluated. Results: The mean age was 8.4 +/- 2.6 years, and 58.0% were males. The mean duration of inhaled corticosteroid use was 2.8 +/- 1.3 years. The mean height-for-age Z-score declined from -0.62 +/- 0.88 at baseline to -0.81 +/- 0.92 at follow-up, with a mean change of -0.19 +/- 0.34. The mean annual height velocity was 5.1 +/- 1.2 cm/year. High-dose therapy was associated with lower height velocity and greater decline in height-for-age Z-score. Suboptimal growth was observed in 21.0% of children. Conclusion: Long-term inhaled corticosteroid therapy was associated with mild reduction in linear growth, particularly among children receiving high-dose therapy and those with longer treatment duration. Weight-related growth indices showed minimal change. Recommendations: Regular anthropometric monitoring, use of the lowest effective inhaled corticosteroid dose, and periodic reassessment of asthma control are recommended during long-term pediatric asthma management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Veera Sowjanya Bhanu, Dr. Lakshmi Ramya Gontla, Dr. Kondru V D Sai Sujana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Serum iron and calcium status in paediatric patients presenting with febrile seizures: A Prospective case-control study.
Background: Hypocalcemia has been associated with paresthesia, tetany, muscle cramps, convulsions, and seizures. Electrolyte and water balance disturbances are also common during febrile illness. Alterations in serum calcium and iron status can influence seizure vulnerability in young children. Objectives: To assess serum iron and calcium status among paediatric patients presenting with febrile seizures and compare these parameters with febrile children without seizures. Methods: This prospective case-control study enrolled 400 children aged 6–60 months through consecutive sampling: 200 children with febrile seizures and 200 febrile children without seizures. Demographic and clinical data, complete blood count indices, serum ferritin, and total serum calcium were recorded. Continuous variables were compared using the independent-samples t-test or Mann–Whitney U test, as appropriate; categorical variables were analysed using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Results: Protein-energy malnutrition was observed in 37.0% of controls and 27.0% of cases. Cases had higher red cell distribution width and lower mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, haemoglobin, and serum ferritin than controls (all p<0.001). Mean serum calcium was comparable between cases and controls (9.11±0.62 versus 9.03±0.91 mg/dL; p=0.305). Iron deficiency anaemia was more frequent among cases (26.0% versus 7.0%; χ²=26.20, p<0.001), whereas hypocalcaemia was comparable (18.0% versus 23.0%; χ²=1.53, p=0.216). Conclusion: Iron deficiency was significantly associated with febrile seizures in young children. In contrast, neither mean serum calcium nor the frequency of hypocalcaemia differed significantly between groups. Recommendations: Early screening for iron deficiency, prompt nutritional correction, and caregiver counselling should be strengthened in children presenting with febrile illness and febrile seizures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rakesh Balamkar, Dr. Minal Ambade, Dr. Rajesh Kumar Nain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Association between Nutritional Status and Frequency of Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Under Five Years: A Prospective Cohort Study.
Background: Respiratory tract infections are a major cause of morbidity in children under five years, and undernutrition may increase susceptibility by impairing immune defence. Objectives: To assess the association between nutritional status and the frequency of respiratory tract infections among children under five years. Methods: This hospital-based prospective cohort study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics at Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Foundation, Andhra Pradesh, from March to August 2025. One hundred consecutive eligible children were enrolled. Nutritional status was assessed using World Health Organization growth standards and categorized as normal, mild-to-moderate undernutrition, or severe undernutrition. Respiratory tract infection episodes were prospectively documented; frequent infection was defined as three or more episodes. Pearson's chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance were used. Results: The mean age was 31.6 ± 14.2 months, and 56.0% were male. Nutritional status was normal in 52.0%, mild-to-moderate undernutrition in 34.0%, and severe undernutrition in 14.0%. Frequent respiratory tract infections occurred in 39.0%. Their frequency increased from 15.4% in normally nourished children to 55.9% and 85.7% in the mild-to-moderate and severe undernutrition groups, respectively (χ²(2) = 29.11, p < 0.001). Mean infection episodes also increased across these groups (1.6 ± 0.9, 2.7 ± 1.1, and 4.1 ± 1.3; F(2, 97) = 35.82, p < 0.001). Underweight (χ²(1) = 15.04), wasting (χ²(1) = 15.30), and stunting (χ²(1) = 15.60) were each associated with frequent infection (all p < 0.001). Conclusion: Poorer nutritional status was strongly associated with more frequent respiratory tract infections. Recommendations: Nutritional screening, growth monitoring, breastfeeding support, immunization review, and early dietary counselling should be integrated into routine paediatric care.
Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Nishanth Madala, Dr. Shivananda Polisetty, Dr. Yedupati Lakshmi Prasanna (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence of vitamin d deficiency and its association with recurrent respiratory infections in children: a hospital-based cross-sectional observational study.
Background Vitamin D deficiency is a common pediatric nutritional problem and has been linked to impaired innate immune responses and recurrent respiratory morbidity. Children with inadequate sunlight exposure, poor nutritional status, and repeated respiratory illness require focused assessment of vitamin D status. Objectives To estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among children and to evaluate its association with recurrent respiratory infections Methods This hospital-based cross-sectional observational study included 100 children evaluated in the Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College, Kamareddy, Telangana, India, from February 2025 to January 2026. Demographic and clinical variables, nutritional status, sunlight exposure, respiratory infection profile, hospitalization history, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were recorded. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25(OH)D <20 ng/mL. Categorical associations were examined using Chi-square tests, and crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated; no multivariable adjustment was performed. Results The mean age was 7.8 +/- 3.4 years, and 56.0% were males. The mean serum vitamin D level was 18.6 +/- 7.4 ng/mL. Vitamin D deficiency was present in 62.0% of children, while recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs) were documented in 51.0%. RRIs occurred in 64.5% of vitamin D-deficient children compared with 28.9% of non-deficient children. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with higher odds of RRI (crude OR 4.46, 95% CI 1.86-10.68; p=0.001). The distribution of RRI differed significantly across vitamin D categories (Pearson chi-square=14.21, df=3; p=0.003). Low sunlight exposure and underweight status were also significantly associated with RRI in crude analyses. Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent among children and showed a significant association with recurrent respiratory infections. Recommendations Routine nutritional assessment, sunlight exposure counselling, and targeted vitamin D screening should be considered in children with recurrent respiratory morbidity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Dharavath Devendar, Dr. Muthyapu Shravan, Dr. Naga Nayak.J (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Growth outcomes in preterm neonates receiving human milk fortifiers versus donor milk in a tertiary care hospital: A hospital-based prospective comparative study.
Background Preterm neonates have increased nutritional needs and are at risk of extrauterine growth restriction during neonatal intensive care. Human milk is preferred for enteral feeding; however, unfortified human milk and donor milk alone do not always provide adequate protein, energy, minerals, and micronutrients for optimal postnatal growth. Objectives: To compare growth outcomes, feeding tolerance, and selected clinical outcomes among preterm neonates receiving human milk with fortifier supplementation versus donor milk in a tertiary care hospital. Methods This hospital-based prospective comparative study included 100 preterm neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit and selected by consecutive sampling. Fifty neonates received human milk with fortifier supplementation, and 50 received donor milk as per routine unit feeding protocols. Baseline characteristics, anthropometric growth, feeding tolerance, neonatal morbidities, hospital stay, and discharge nutritional status were compared. Results Baseline characteristics were comparable between the human milk fortifier and donor milk groups, including gestational age (31.4 ± 1.8 versus 31.2 ± 1.9 weeks; p=0.59), birth weight (1328 ± 226 versus 1346 ± 238 g; p=0.70), male sex (56.0% versus 52.0%; p=0.69), and small-for-gestational-age status (18.0% versus 22.0%; p=0.62). Neonates receiving human milk fortifier showed earlier regain of birth weight (9.4 ± 2.7 versus 11.6 ± 3.3 days; p<0.001), higher daily weight gain (17.9 ± 3.8 versus 14.5 ± 3.6 g/kg/day; p<0.001), greater length gain (0.93 ± 0.22 versus 0.76 ± 0.20 cm/week; p<0.001), greater head circumference gain (0.78 ± 0.18 versus 0.64 ± 0.17 cm/week; p<0.001), and higher discharge weight (1835 ± 246 versus 1698 ± 235 g; p=0.005). Feed intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis, late-onset sepsis, hospital stay, and mortality were not significantly different. Conclusion Human milk fortifier supplementation was associated with better short-term growth without increasing major complications. Recommendations Structured fortification protocols should be adopted with regular anthropometric monitoring and individualized feeding review.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Shaik Mabbul, Dr. Maddula Ashok, Dr. Sri Harsha Thatikonda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies: etiology, diagnostic advances, and evolving management- a narrative review.
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) comprise a severe spectrum of early-onset epilepsy syndromes where epileptic activity aggressively drives progressive cognitive and neurological regression beyond the underlying pathology. This narrative review evaluates the expanding genetic architecture of DEE, explores modern diagnostic developments, and outlines the ongoing paradigm shift from conventional symptomatic management toward gene-targeted, precision therapeutic strategies. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across major databases for articles published between 2010 and 2026. Recent breakthroughs in next-generation sequencing have dramatically escalated diagnostic yields, allowing clinicians to identify pathogenic variants earlier and establish refined genotype-phenotype correlations. This molecular precision has opened doors for novel mechanism-based interventions, including antisense oligonucleotides, gene replacement platforms, and mutation-specific pharmacology. Concurrently, artificial intelligence-driven electroencephalography analytics and wearable multimodal monitoring networks are improving real-time seizure mapping and patient safety. However, widespread clinical implementation remains restricted by intense genetic heterogeneity, uncertain long-term safety records, and steep financial barriers. Ultimately, incorporating genomic diagnostics into standard practice is transforming the clinical trajectory of DEE. Future research must prioritize multi-center clinical trials to validate long-term therapeutic efficacy and optimize early-intervention windows during critical stages of neuroplasticity.
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies
Copyright (c) 2026 Sana Shaik, Shrina Patel, Sanjida Tahsin, Harshneet Kaur, Keerthi Easwar, Alka Kumari, Jasmit Kaur Puri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Utility of the yale observation scale in predicting bacteremia in febrile children aged 3–36 months: a hospital-based prospective observational study.
Background: Early identification of bacteremia in febrile children remains a major clinical challenge, particularly in resource-limited settings. The Yale Observation Scale (YOS) is a simple bedside clinical tool used to assess illness severity in children. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of YOS in predicting bacteremia among febrile children aged 3–36 months. Methods: This hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted over 12 months at the Department of Pediatrics, Barpeta Medical College , Assam, India. A total of 150 children presenting with fever ≥38°C without an identifiable source were enrolled using consecutive sampling. Clinical assessment using YOS was performed at admission, followed by laboratory investigations, including a complete blood count, absolute neutrophil count, and a blood culture. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the optimal YOS cutoff for predicting bacteremia. Results: Among the 150 children included, 56.7% were females and 43.3% were males. Blood culture positivity was observed in 21.3% of cases. Higher YOS scores were significantly associated with bacteremia, elevated white blood cell count, prolonged fever, longer hospital stay, and mortality (p<0.05). ROC analysis demonstrated that a YOS cutoff value of 14.5 had a sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 79.6% for predicting bacteremia. All children with YOS scores ≥25 had positive blood cultures and poor clinical outcomes. Conclusion: YOS is a sensitive and practical bedside screening tool for identifying febrile children at increased risk of bacteremia. However, because of its moderate specificity, it should be used together with laboratory investigations for definitive diagnosis. Recommendation: YOS may be incorporated into early pediatric triage protocols in resource-limited settings to facilitate prompt identification and management of high-risk children.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dilip Sai Babu D, Nazrul Islam Barbhuiya, Rehana Sultana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence of ocular features in children with malaria in the University of Benin teaching hospital, Benin City. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The study aims to assess the prevalence of ocular features in children with malaria in UBTH, Benin City. Materials and methods: In this hospital-based case control study at the UBTH, subjects and controls who satisfied the inclusion criteria of the study underwent ophthalmic examination for ocular features of malaria and were assessed for relevant laboratory indices necessary in the diagnosis of malaria using the revised 2014 WHO criteria. Results: The prevalence of ocular features of malaria was 27.5%. There was a significant statistical difference between ocular features of malaria in the cases when compared to the controls. (p=0.0001). In the anterior segment, pallor and icterus were common ocular features of malaria seen in children with malaria. There was a significant statistical difference in children who had pallor and icterus between the cases and control groups (p=0.000) and (p=0.001), respectively. One child in the control group who had oculocutaneous albinism had pendular nystagmus present. Posterior segment findings seen in children with malaria in this study included vessel abnormalities 34(19.1%), macular whitening 20(11.2%), retinal whitening 14(7.8%), retinal haemorrhage 14(7.8), disc pallor 11(6.1%), papilloedema 10(5.6%), and macular haemorrhage 6(3.4%). 102(57.3%) were males; while 76(42.7%) were females for cases, 98(55.1%) were males while 80(44.9%) were females for controls. Conclusion: Various patterns of ocular features are seen in children infected with malaria, with posterior segment abnormalities being more common than anterior segment changes. Recommendations: Better awareness should be created among medical personnel, other speciality consultants, and ophthalmologists on ocular features of malaria and its diagnostic usefulness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Johnpaul Oshorenua Okolo, Prof. A.E. Omoti, Dr. O.M. Uhumwangho, Dr. D.U Nwaneri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A cross-sectional study to assess the impact of the re-emergence of pertussis in children in a tertiary care hospital.
Background Despite decades of vaccine implementation, pertussis remains a significant global threat, particularly among infants and young children. This study was designed to evaluate the clinical spectrum, immunisation status, and diagnostic confirmation of pertussis in a pediatric cohort at a tertiary care hospital in India. Methods An observational cross-sectional study was conducted over a two-month period (Nov–Dec 2023) at a government tertiary hospital in Hyderabad. Children aged ≤12 years presenting with prolonged cough suggestive of pertussis were enrolled consecutively. Clinical assessment, immunisation history, and laboratory investigations, including culture, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and anti-pertussis toxin IgG serology, were performed to confirm the diagnosis. Descriptive statistics and categorical analyses were used to interpret demographic, clinical, and diagnostic data. Results A total of 32 children were clinically diagnosed with suspected pertussis, with 93.8% being under five years of age. The most common symptom was paroxysmal cough (81.25%). Immunisation gaps were evident, with 90.6% partially vaccinated and 9.4% unvaccinated. Laboratory confirmation was limited, with culture positivity at 9.4%, PCR positivity at 6.25%, and serology confirming 6.25% of cases. Additionally, 90.6% of cases exhibited elevated white blood cell (WBC) counts, and 53.1% had raised C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. These findings underscore both the vulnerability of incompletely vaccinated children and the diagnostic constraints in real-world settings. Conclusion The resurgence of pertussis in partially or unvaccinated children reflects critical lapses in immunisation coverage and underutilization of confirmatory diagnostics. Low sensitivity of standard tests and atypical clinical presentations complicate early recognition. This study highlights the urgent need to reinforce booster strategies, consider maternal immunisation, and enhance diagnostic infrastructure in tertiary care settings to support effective disease surveillance and timely management of paediatric pertussis in India. Recommendations Strengthen childhood and maternal pertussis immunisation, improve booster uptake, and expand PCR-based diagnostics for early detection.
Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Bunga Harshita, Dr. Bunga Babu Ratnakar, Dr. Prathyusha Yellamelli, Dr. Shilpa Nandru (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence and Determinants of Anemia among Children Attending a Paediatric Outpatient Department: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Background: Childhood anemia remains a frequent nutritional and public health problem, particularly in children from socioeconomically vulnerable backgrounds. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of anemia and assess selected demographic, socioeconomic, dietary, nutritional, and clinical determinants among children attending a paediatric outpatient department. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study included 100 children attending the paediatric outpatient department of Narayana Medical College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India, from August 2025 to January 2026. Demographic, socioeconomic, maternal, dietary, nutritional, worm infestation, and hemoglobin data were recorded. Associations between anemia status and determinants were analysed using Pearson's chi-square test. Results: The mean age was 6.8 ± 3.4 years; 54.0% were males. The overall prevalence of anemia was 58.0%; mild, moderate, and severe anemia were observed in 24.0%, 28.0%, and 6.0% of children, respectively. Significant bivariate associations were observed with age group (χ²=8.80, p=0.032), socioeconomic status (χ²=11.04, p=0.004), maternal education (χ²=10.23, p=0.006), dietary pattern (χ²=6.82, p=0.009), inadequate green leafy vegetable intake (χ²=9.55, p=0.002), inadequate iron-rich food intake (χ²=13.74, p<0.001), undernutrition (χ²=14.35, p<0.001), and worm infestation (χ²=8.81, p=0.003). Gender and residence were not significantly associated. Conclusion: Anemia was common, with moderate anemia forming the largest severity group. Socioeconomic vulnerability, poor dietary intake, undernutrition, and worm infestation were important associated determinants. Recommendations: Routine anemia screening, dietary counselling, caregiver nutrition education, growth monitoring, iron supplementation where indicated, and periodic deworming should be strengthened in paediatric outpatient services.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Rajasekhar Reddy Munamala, Dr. Chandra Sekhar Gurijala, Dr. Vijaya Lakshmi Muram Reddy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of socio-clinical and laboratory profile and short-term outcome among acute bronchiolitis children between 1–24 months in a tertiary care hospital: A prospective descriptive study.
Background: Bronchiolitis is a clinical syndrome that primarily affects infants and young children. Objectives: To study the socio-clinical, laboratory profile, and short-term outcome among children with acute bronchiolitis between 1-24 months in a tertiary care hospital, and to analyze the identifiable risk factors for the severity of bronchiolitis. Material & Methods: A Prospective descriptive study was carried out in IMS & SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bhubaneshwar, India, from May 2023 to May 2024. All previously normal or healthy children aged 1-24 months with a first episode of wheeze suggestive of bronchiolitis as per AAP guidelines were included in the study. Results: A total of 171 cases were analyzed in our study, including 101 (59.1%) male and 70 (40.9%) female. Mean age was 6.78 months with a standard deviation of 4.66. Children less than 6 months accounted for 99 (57.9%) of cases. Bronchiolitis cases were increased in winter and early spring. Shortness of breath was present in 171 (100%) cases, followed by cough 108 (63.1%), fever 104 (60.8%), and poor feeding 92 (53.8%). Low birth weight, feeding pattern, indoor allergens, socioeconomic status, and passive smoking increase the severity of disease (P<0.05). Leukocytosis in 137 (80.1%) and raised CRP in 65 (38%) cases, with 04 (2.4%) cases having positive blood culture and sensitivity. 118 (68.8%) cases had positive chest X-rays. Nasopharyngeal swab was RSV positive in 84 (40.1%) cases. Among the treatments, 171 (100%) patients received hypertonic saline nebulization. Antibiotics were used in 69 (40.3%) and steroids in 47 (27.4%) cases. 26 (15.3%) cases were shifted to PICU. Conclusion: Bronchiolitis predominantly affected infants below six months and showed a higher incidence during winter months. Recommendations: Early identification of high-risk infants with bronchiolitis is essential to reduce disease severity and complications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Amir Ali, Chandra Sekhar Patra, Sagar Parida, Dillip Dash, Shivangi Maheshwari, Ankita Chopdar, Dr. Mamata Devi Mohanty (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding failure in newborns: A prospective longitudinal observational study.
Background Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) during the first six months of life is an important strategy for improving infant health and reducing morbidity and mortality. Despite its recognized benefits, EBF remains suboptimal in many settings. This study evaluated the determinants of EBF failure among mother-newborn dyads during the first six months of life. Methods This prospective longitudinal observational study included 200 mother-newborn dyads at Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun. Maternal sociodemographic, obstetric, infant-feeding, breastfeeding-counselling, and lactation-related factors were assessed using structured questionnaires. Participants were followed at 48 hours after delivery, 2.5 months, and 6 months. Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with EBF outcomes. Results The study assessed maternal sociodemographic characteristics including age, education, occupation, parity, and family type. At 2.5 months, 169 (84.5%) dyads maintained EBF, while 31 (15.5%) had discontinued. At 6 months, 138 (81.7%) of the remaining 169 dyads continued EBF. Pre-discharge formula supplementation (χ²=41.25, p<0.001), breastfeeding initiation after two hours (χ²=31.4, p<0.001), lack of antenatal counselling (χ²=12.56, p=0.001), and breastfeeding difficulties were significantly associated with EBF failure. Conclusion EBF failure was associated with modifiable clinical, educational, and social factors, particularly unnecessary formula supplementation, delayed breastfeeding initiation, inadequate counselling, and unresolved lactation difficulties. Recommendation Early initiation of breastfeeding, avoidance of unnecessary pre-discharge formula supplementation, and structured antenatal and postnatal breastfeeding counselling should be strengthened. Hospital-based Baby-Friendly practices and continued lactation support should be integrated into routine maternal and newborn care.
A Cross-Sectional Study of Anemia among Children Aged 1–12 Years Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital.
Background: Anemia in childhood remains a major public health concern in India because it influences growth, immunity, school performance, and neurocognitive development. Hospital-based data are useful for understanding the clinical burden and the distribution of anemia severity and morphology among children presenting for care. Objectives: To determine the prevalence, severity, and morphological pattern of anemia among children aged 1–12 years attending a tertiary care hospital and to describe its distribution across age, sex, socioeconomic status, and dietary iron intake groups. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 200 children aged 1–12 years. Demographic, socioeconomic, and dietary information was collected using a structured proforma. Hemoglobin estimation and peripheral smear examination were carried out for all participants. Anemia was classified according to age-specific hemoglobin cutoffs and further graded as mild, moderate, or severe. Results: Among 200 children, 118 were anemic, giving an overall prevalence of 59.0%. Moderate anemia was the commonest grade, followed by mild and severe anemia. Anemia was more frequent in younger children, especially those aged 1–3 years, and was slightly higher among females than males. Children from lower socioeconomic strata and those with inadequate dietary iron intake showed a substantially higher burden. Microcytic hypochromic anemia was the predominant peripheral smear pattern, followed by normocytic normochromic anemia. Conclusion: Anemia constituted a substantial burden among children attending this tertiary care center, with the highest vulnerability seen in younger age groups and socioeconomically disadvantaged children. The predominance of microcytic hypochromic smears supports a strong contribution of nutritional iron deficiency to the observed burden. Recommendations: Routine screening of high-risk children, nutrition-focused counselling for caregivers, timely iron supplementation, and strengthened follow-up within pediatric services should be integrated into hospital practice to improve early detection and management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Chidura Naveen, Dr. Kairamkonda Rajashekar, Dr. Kuturu Sharanya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Kinesiology taping Vs conventional physiotherapy in improving neuromuscular and gait outcomes in ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy: A randomized controlled trial.
Background: Neuromuscular impairments and gait dysfunction are common in children with spastic cerebral palsy and significantly affect functional mobility. Kinesiology taping has been proposed as an adjunct intervention to enhance neuromuscular performance. Objective: To compare the effects of kinesiology taping and conventional physiotherapy on neuromuscular function and gait performance in ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy. Methods: This randomized controlled trial included 85 ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy aged 3–12 years (GMFCS I–III). Participants were assigned to kinesiology taping (44) or conventional physiotherapy (41) groups. Interventions were administered 3 times weekly for 12 weeks. Results: Out of the 85 total participants, 47 were male, while 38 were female. The mean age of the participants in the KT and conventional PT groups was 7.89 ± 2.77 years and 7.71 ± 2.70 years, respectively, with a mean weight of 26.11 ±7.07kg and 25.50 ± 6.76kg, respectively. There was no significant difference in the physical characteristics of participants between the two groups at baseline (p>0.05). The KT group showed significant improvements in neuromuscular function (p = 0.001) and gait performance (p =0.001) over the intervention period. The conventional physiotherapy group showed significant improvement in gait performance (p =0.001) but not in neuromuscular function (p = 0.151). Between-group comparisons revealed no statistically significant differences at baseline, 6 weeks, or 12 weeks for both PNRS and EVGS (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Kinesiology taping improves both neuromuscular function and gait performance in ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy after 12 weeks of intervention, but does not demonstrate clear superiority over conventional physiotherapy. Recommendation: Clinicians should incorporate kinesiology taping into the rehabilitation of ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy, as an alternative to conventional physiotherapy, particularly for improving neuromuscular function and gait performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. B.I.A Akinola, Prof. C.A.O Gbiri, Prof D.O Odebiyi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Economic factors contributing to anaemia in children under the age of five years at the paediatric ward in Nakaseke General Hospital, Nakaseke district. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The study aimed to determine the economic factors contributing to anaemia in children under the age of five years at the paediatric ward in Nakaseke General Hospital, Nakaseke district. Methodology: The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design at Nakaseke General Hospital, targeting caretakers of children under five diagnosed with anaemia. A sample of 80 participants was selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected through pretested self-administered structured questionnaires in Luganda. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained prior to participation. Quantitative data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and presented in tables and charts. Standard operating procedures were followed to ensure confidentiality, voluntary participation, and accuracy, with training provided to research assistants to enhance data quality. Results: Among the 80 respondents, half were married (40; 50.0%), 25 (31.3%) single, 10 (12.5%) divorced, and 5 (6.2%) widowed. Regarding education, 30 (37.5%) had secondary, 25 (31.3%) primary, 15 (18.7%) tertiary, and 10 (12.5%) never attended school. Occupation-wise, 30 (37.5%) were housewives, 25 (31.3%) small-scale business, 20 (25.0%) peasants, and 5 (6.2%) other. Household sizes were 1–4 members (30; 37.5%), 5–8 members (40; 50.0%), and 8+ members (10; 12.5%). Rural residents were 45 (56.3%) and urban 35 (43.7%). Economically, 45 (56.3%) of mothers were unemployed. Household income was below 200,000 UGX (35; 43.8%), 200,001–500,000 UGX (30; 37.5%), and above 500,001 UGX (15; 18.7%). Household heads were farmers (25; 31.3%), employed (25; 31.3%), business owners (20; 25.0%), and unemployed (10; 12.5%). Forty-five (56.3%) households had enough money for food, 60 (75.0%) had safe drinking water, with boreholes serving 10 (12.5%) of respondents. Conclusion: Low income, unemployment, and food insecurity significantly increased anaemia risk among children under five. Recommendation: Government and NGOs should promote women’s income activities and provide social support to improve household food security.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joseph Wabomba, Moses Ojale, George Masete (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Knowledge of caretakers towards neonatal danger signs in Masindi General Hospital in Masindi district. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The study aimed to assess the level of knowledge of caretakers towards neonatal danger signs in Masindi General Hospital in Masindi district. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Masindi General Hospital among caretakers of neonates in postnatal and pediatric wards. A sample of 70 respondents was obtained using Burton’s formula and selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Inclusion required consent, while non-eligible caretakers were excluded. Pretesting and trained assistants ensured data quality. Data were analyzed using tally sheets and presented in tables and charts. Ethical approval, confidentiality, and informed consent were strictly observed throughout the study period. Results: Among 70 respondents, 52 (74.3%) were female and 18 (25.7%) were male. Most were aged 26-35 years, 30 (42.9%), followed by 19-25 years, 28 (40.0%), and 16-18 years, 12 (17.1%). Education levels included primary 19 (27.2%), O-level 26 (37.1%), and A-level and above 25 (35.7%). Most resided in Masindi Town, 30 (42.9%). Knowledge was highest for fever 56 (80.0%) and difficulty breathing 49 (70.0%), while abdominal distension and bluish skin were lowest at 15 (21.4%). Overall, 54 (74%) had received information, mainly from health facilities 36 (51.4%) and ANC sessions 30 (42.9%). Confidence levels showed 28 (40.0%) somewhat confident, 18 (25.7%) very confident, 14 (20.0%) not confident, and 10 (14.3%) unsure. Infections 52 (74.3%) were the leading cause of neonatal illness, followed by birth complications 33 (47.1%), poor feeding 30 (42.9%), lack of hygiene 32 (45.7%), and delayed care 29 (41.4%). Conclusion: Knowledge of neonatal danger signs was moderate, with fever and breathing difficulty most recognized. Recommendation: The health facility should strengthen health education during Antenatal Care (ANC) and Postnatal Care (PNC) sessions to improve knowledge of neonatal danger signs among caretakers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mukhutaar Ruraliire, Victoria Nanjego, George Masete (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Knowledge towards elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV among breastfeeding mothers attending ART services at Kira Health Centre IV, Wakiso district. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The percentage of reproductive-age women’s knowledge of MTCT revealed that the lowest and the highest Knowledge of MTCT was observed in Equatorial Guinea and Zimbabwe, 27.10% and 68.02%, respectively. The study aims to assess the knowledge on the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV among breastfeeding mothers attending ART services at Kira Health Centre IV, Wakiso district. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design with quantitative approaches was used together with simple random sampling to obtain the sample for the study in Kira Health Centre IV in the ART department. Data were collected daily for 30 days from mothers who were willing to participate in the study and had consented by completing a questionnaire. Results: Majority 41(68.3%) of the respondents were aged 20-30 years, 10(16.7%) were aged 30-40 years and lastly 09(15%) respondents who were <20 years of age. 48(80%) were aware of the EMTCT program. 46(76.7%) knew the modes through which HIV can be transmitted from mother to child. 57(95%) were aware that HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during breastfeeding. 38(63.3%) of the respondents knew that ART reduces the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The majority, 45(75%), thought that HIV positive breastfeeding mothers can breastfeed. 32(53.3%), 20(33.3%), 6(10%), thought that mother’s adherence to ART, exclusive breastfeeding, mixed feeding, respectively, could reduce the risk of HIV transmission from mother to child. Conclusions: Regarding the knowledge on Elimination of Mother to Child transmission of HIV among breastfeeding mothers attending ART services at Kira Health Centre IV, Wakiso District, the study established that breastfeeding mothers had a fairly good level of knowledge on EMTCT of HIV. Recommendations: The health workers should continuously educate mothers about the importance of EMTCT of HIV.
Elimination of Mother-to-Child transmission
Copyright (c) 2026 Frank Kakembo, Alexander Ssekibaamu, George Masete (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Child-related factors contributing to the occurrence of atopic dermatitis among children aged 6 months to 10 years attending Kasangati Health Centre IV in Wakiso district.
Background: In Uganda, the lifetime prevalence of reported atopic dermatitis among schoolchildren is estimated at 13.5%, with a 12-month prevalence of 2.3%. The study aims to determine child-related factors contributing to the occurrence of atopic dermatitis among children aged 6 months to 10 years attending Kasangati Health Centre IV in Wakiso district. Methodology: A cross-sectional study design was used during the study to collect quantitative data among children from 6 months to 10 years diagnosed with atopic dermatitis visiting the OPD attending Kasangati health centre IV. A simple random sampling technique was used. Results: Most of the categories, 20 (40%), were aged between 5-10 years, followed by 12 (24%), a little more with 10(20%) aged 1-5yrs while the least, 8 (16%), were aged below 1-6 months. Most of the categories were male: 35 (70%); 15 (30%) were female; 28 (56%) were from urban, and 22 (44%) were from rural. 25(50%) of the categories begin school at 3-5yrs followed by 20(40%) who begin at 1-3yrs with least being 5(10%) who begin at 5 -8yrs and none was found to begin kindergarten at 8-10yrs. The majority, 38 (76%), had other allergic-related diseases. Most of the categories, 20(53%) had pneumonia, 10 (26%) had asthma, and 8 (21%) had allergic rhinitis. 28(56%) had food allergy. Conclusions: Age at which children commence school increases environmental exposures to a high burden of comorbid allergic conditions, especially pneumonia and asthma. Recommendations: The Ministry of Health and Wakiso District Health Office should develop and disseminate simplified educational materials on AD prevention and management, like the importance of moisturising and avoiding harsh soaps through the maternal and child health clinics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Angella Nagawa, Echo Mugisha, George Masete (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The practices of caretakers regarding infant nutrition at Apac General Hospital, Apac district, Uganda. Cross-sectional study.
Background: Optimal infant nutrition is essential for child survival, growth, and development. In Uganda, inappropriate infant feeding practices continue to contribute to undernutrition and poor child health outcomes. This study aimed to assess the practices of caretakers regarding infant nutrition at Apac General Hospital in Apac District, Uganda. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted among caretakers of infants aged 0–12 months attending the child health clinic at Apac General Hospital. A sample size of 96 caretakers was determined using the Kish and Leslie (1965) method. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were checked for completeness, coded, and entered into SPSS version 26 for analysis. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used to summarize the findings. Results: Most respondents were aged 18–24 years (54.2%) and were biological mothers (62.5%). Over half had secondary education (52.1%), and the majority were farmers (45.8%). About 62.5% of infants were exclusively breastfed for the first six months, while 37.5% were not. Among those who did not practice exclusive breastfeeding, 44.4% introduced other foods at 4–5 months, mainly due to inadequate breast milk (41.7%). The majority of caregivers (63.5%) received information on exclusive breastfeeding from health workers. Complementary foods were mostly introduced after six months (62.5%), with animal-source foods (45.8%) and porridge (31.2%) commonly given. Most infants (63.5%) received five or more meals per day, and 59.4% of caregivers reported following consistent feeding routines. Conclusion: Most caretakers practiced exclusive breastfeeding and maintained adequate feeding frequency, although some introduced complementary foods earlier than recommended. Recommendations: Health workers should strengthen nutrition education on exclusive breastfeeding and appropriate complementary feeding to improve infant feeding practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shadrack Owinya, Lamex Ogwal, Denis Obong, Tonny Mike Omara, Ronald Awoi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO HOME ACCIDENTS AMONG CHILDREN BELOW 5 YEARS IN AKERE DIVISION, APAC MUNIPALITY, APAC DISTRICT
Background: Home accidents are a leading cause of injury and morbidity among children under five years. This has led to financial burden, emotional trauma and reduced productivity among affected households. The study aimed to assess the factors contributing to home accidents among children under five years in Akere Division, Apac Municipality, Apac District. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study with 67 caregivers using structured questionnaires on demographics, environmental risks, caregiver practices, and socioeconomic factors; data analyzed quantitatively. Data was analyzed and presented into tables, graphs and pie charts using microsoft Excel 2020. Results: The majority of caregivers were female (67.2%), aged 26–30 years (31.3%), married (61.2%), and mainly engaged in farming (37.3%) or business (29.9%). Common environmental hazards included slippery floors (58.2%), hot kitchen surfaces (64.2%), sharp objects (71.6%), and easily accessible medications (77.6%). Over half (52.2%) reported that combined preventive measures like stair gates, window guards, and area rugs were most effective, while 49.3% favored ongoing educational sessions to improve knowledge. Socioeconomic factors contributing to accidents included household overcrowding (67.2%), limited access to safety equipment (61.2%), and distance from health facilities, with 29.9% living more than 3 km away; only 44.8% had attended community child safety programs. Conclusion: Home accidents were influenced by environmental, caregiver, and socioeconomic factors. Awareness existed, but limited resources and access to education/health services increased risks. Recommendations: Strengthen health education, improve access to safety equipment, promote community programs, and encourage nurses to engage families and monitor home safety. Nursing implication: Continuous monitoring, follow-up, health education and home visits to reduce incidence of home accidents among children under 5years.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moses Okello, Ronald Awoi, Denish Obong, Filder Monica Odella (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Economic factors associated with anaemia among children under the age of five attending services at Kitgum General Hospital, Kitgum District. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The main causes of anaemia among children under five include parasitic infections such as intestinal worms, schistosomiasis, and malaria, along with inadequate dietary intake and chronic illnesses. The study aims to determine the economic factors associated with anaemia among children under the age of five attending services at Kitgum General Hospital, Kitgum District. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study design utilising quantitative data collection methods was applied. A simple random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 52 participants, and data were gathered using an approved semi-structured interview guide. Results: More than half (57.7%) of respondents were married, and 22(42.3%) were unmarried. The majority, 44(84.6%) of respondents reported unaffordability of high-cost iron-rich food (meat, fish, egg) while 8(15.4%) reported being able to afford high-cost iron-rich food. More than half 30, 57.7%) of respondents reported having ever had financial difficulties, while 22(42.3%) reported having never had financial difficulties. Half of 26(50%) experienced food shortage, while only 8(15.4%) always have enough food. Nearly half 24, 46.2%) of respondents reported their households were not able to afford enough nutritious food for their children, while only 8(15.4%) who always afford nutritious food for their children. The majority, 35(67.3%) of respondents buy their food from the market, followed by 20(38.4%) grew theirs at home, 17(32.7%) get from exchanged labour, while 7(13.5%) get as charity food from community members or some organisation. Conclusion: Economic factors associated with anaemia among children under five include inadequate food distribution, financial difficulties, and the high cost of food items. Recommendation: The Ministry of Health to improve iron supplementation among children under five.
Copyright (c) 2026 Leofrida Lamwaka Labeja, Mr. Ronald Awoi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Health system factors influencing timely uptake of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for HIV exposed infants in Apac General Hospital in Apac. A cross-sectional study.
Background: Health system factors play a critical role in determining whether HIV-exposed infants receive timely polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. To assess health system factors influencing timely taking of PCR for HIV exposed infants at Apac General Hospital in Apac district-Uganda Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed, involving 32 HIV-positive mothers with infants aged 1–18 months in EID departments at Apac General Hospital. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics in Microsoft Excel, presented in tables, charts, and figures. Findings: The majority of respondents were 31 years and above, 31.3% (10), and only 15.6% (05) were aged 15–19 years. 62.5% (20) had received reminders through SMS, phone calls, or home visits for their infant’s PCR testing, while 37.5% (12) had not. Most respondents of 93.8% (30) reported that PCR testing services and supplies were consistently available, while only 6.2% (2) experienced shortages. 43.8% (14) walk about 5-10 kilometres to the health facility, and only 21.8% (7) walk a distance less than 1 Kilometer. 65.6% (21) always get information about PCR from health workers, and only 6.3% (2) rarely get information on PCR testing at the facility. Conclusion: Availability of test kits, effective communication, and reminder systems promote uptake, though distance still limits access. Recommendations: Strengthen integration of PCR testing with routine maternal-child health services.
Copyright (c) 2026 Babra Ayugii, Lamex Ogwal, Monica Fidela Odella, Ronald Awoi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence of urinary tract infection in children attending the paediatric outpatient department at Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Foundation: A retrospective analytical cross-sectional study.
Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a frequent bacterial infection in children and contributes substantially to short- and long-term morbidity. Early diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are essential to prevent renal complications. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, clinical profile, and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of UTI in children attending a tertiary care centre. Methods: This retrospective analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, KIMS & RF, Amalapuram, over a six-month period. A total of 100 children aged 1–14 years who underwent urine examination were included. Urine samples were analysed by microscopy and culture, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using standard methods. Results: Among 100 children evaluated, 38% were culture-positive for UTI. The highest prevalence was observed in children aged 1–5 years (47.4%). Females constituted 60.5% of culture-positive cases (male: female ratio 1:1.5). Escherichia coli was the predominant isolate (63.2%), followed by Klebsiella species (18.4%). E. coli demonstrated the highest sensitivity to nitrofurantoin (89.5%) and ceftriaxone (84.2%), while resistance was highest to ampicillin (68.4%). Fever (71.1%) and dysuria (52.6%) were the most common presenting symptoms. Conclusion: UTI prevalence was 38% among children attending the paediatric OPD, with female predominance and E. coli as the principal pathogen. High resistance to commonly used antibiotics underscores the need for periodic surveillance and rational antimicrobial prescribing. Recommendations: Strengthen urine culture-based diagnosis, implement regular antibiogram surveillance, promote nitrofurantoin as first-line therapy, and reinforce antimicrobial stewardship in paediatric outpatient care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dandu Venkata Satya Sanjay Varma, N Parikshit Kumar, T. Krishna Reddy, Shaik Mabbul (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of parents towards HPV immunization of girl children aged 9 - 13 years at OPD in Kawaala health center IV, Kampala district. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of parents towards HPV immunization of girls aged 9 - 13 years at OPD in Kawaala Health Center IV, Kampala district. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the OPD of Kawaala Health Centre IV in Kampala among parents or guardians of girls aged 9–13 years. Sample size was calculated using the Kish and Leslie (1965) formula (n=367), but due to limited resources, 92 participants were recruited. Purposive sampling was used. Data were collected through interviews using questionnaires, analyzed in Excel, and presented in tables and percentages. Ethical approval, informed consent, confidentiality, and pre-testing ensured quality and ethical compliance. Results: Among 92 parents attending OPD at Kawaala Health Center IV, 40 (43.5%) had primary education and 39 (42.4%) secondary education. Almost half, 45 (48.9%), believed HPV vaccination is important, while 40 (43.5%) disagreed. Most respondents, 77 (83.7%), heard about the vaccine from health centers. However, 63 (68.5%) had never actively searched for cancer prevention information. Regarding perceived severity, 53 (57.6%) considered HPV infection somewhat serious and 34 (37%) very serious. Although 77 (83.7%) had attended HPV education sessions, 45 (48.9%) were unsure whether the benefits outweighed the risks. Attitudinally, 42 (45.7%) believed vaccination protects against sexually transmitted infections, while 48 (52.2%) feared it might influence sexual behavior. Most children, 64 (69.6%), were already vaccinated, mainly through school programs, 72 (78.3%). Key barriers included distance to health centers 38, 41.3%), limited knowledge 30 (32.6%), and concerns about unknown side effects 30 (32.6%). Conclusion: Limited parental knowledge, safety fears, misinformation, and social barriers negatively influence attitudes and practices toward HPV vaccination. Recommendation: Health workers should intensify routine health education at OPD, clarifying HPV vaccination benefits and safety, and addressing common misconceptions such as fears about sexual behavior.
Copyright (c) 2026 Catherine Nakasujja, Ms. Hasifa Nansereko, Francisco Ssemuwemba, Jane Frank Nalubega, Immaculate Prosperia Naggulu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Economic factors associated with childhood immunization coverage among children under five years at Luwero General Hospital in Luweero district. A cross-sectional study.
Background: The study aimed to determine the economic factors associated with childhood immunization coverage among children under five years at Luwero General Hospital in Luweero district. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the outpatient department of Luweero General Hospital, Uganda, among mothers and caregivers of children under five years. A sample of 96 respondents was determined using the Kish and Leslie formula and selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires with both open and closed-ended questions, administered with translation support where necessary. Data were analyzed manually using tally sheets and summarized using frequencies and percentages. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained, and data quality was ensured through pre-testing and supervision. Results: Most respondents were aged 25–34 years and 35–40 years (38; 39.6% each), while 20 (20.8%) were aged 15–24 years. The majority vaccinated their children before one year of age (85; 88.5%), whereas 11 (11.5%) vaccinated after one year. Regarding education, most respondents had primary education (34; 35.4%), followed by secondary education (28; 29.2%), no formal education (18; 18.8%), and tertiary education (16; 16.7%). Most respondents were Christians (66; 68.8%). More than half resided in rural areas (56; 58.3%), while 40 (41.7%) lived in urban areas. The majority were married (80; 83.3%), and farmers were the most common occupation (25; 26.0%). Regarding immunization status, 50 children (52.1%) were partially immunized, 30 (31.3%) were fully immunized, and 16 (16.6%) were not immunized. More than half (55; 57.3%) believed employment facilitated immunization, and 40 (41.7%) reported household income positively influenced completion of immunization schedules. Conclusion: Employment status, household income, poverty, and transport costs influenced caregivers’ ability to complete childhood immunization schedules. Recommendation: The Government of Uganda should strengthen immunization awareness through media campaigns and community health education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sulaidah Najjuma, Ronald Mbidde, Francisco Ssemuwemba, Hasifa Nansereko, Jane Frank Nalubega, Immaculate Prosperia Naggulu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0